Uyazi ukuthi inja yakho inesifo sokuphazamiseka njalo lapho kuboniswa khona izibhamu eziseduzane, ukuqhuma nokugubha futhi ukufihla ngaphansi kombhede, kungenakukwazi ukududuza? Eqinisweni, ngokusho kochwepheshe abathile, kuvela ukuthi inja yakho ingaba yinto ethile.
Inkinga Yomlilo
Emhlabeni wonke nasemakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa, ukuqhuma okukhulu, okukhanyayo, okumibalabala, okujabulisayo okwenziwe iziqhumane kuye kwaba yinto ethandekayo yazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhosi yomphakathi.
(Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ama-fireworks aseShayina asungulwe eminyakeni engaba ngu-2000 eyedlule, kepha ngaleso sikhathi abasebenzisa izinhloso ze-utilitarian, njengokwesabisa izitho zomzimba nezinduna.)
Ngakho-ke kungase kusimangaze ukuzwa ukuthi ochwepheshe bekhwalithi yomoya, kanye nochwepheshe abaningi bepulmonary, baye babheka izibuko zomlilo ngezibalo ezithile. Imisebenzi yomlilo, esazi manje, ingaveza iziqephu zokungcoliswa komoya okuhlonishwayo, kanye namanye amakhemikhali acasulayo kakhulu. Okubi nakakhulu, ukungcoliswa komoya okuhambisana nomlilo kungabangela izinkinga zezokwelapha kubantu abanezimo zangaphambili zamaphaphu nesimo senhliziyo.
Umlilo kanye nekhwalithi yomoya
Abacwaningi abaningana bezemvelo baye bahlola ikhwalithi ye-air ngemuva kwezibuko zomlilo, ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Zonke lezi zifundo zibonise ukuthi iziqhumane zenza izidakamizwa eziningi ezingenakubalwa ukuthi akekho kithi ongafisa ukuphefumula.
Izibhamu zomlilo ziyizigobolondo ezinamathele ezimakhemikhali ezivuthayo ezenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze zikhiqize imiphumela emihle yokubona indodana neyokubukwa lapho ishaywa.
I-powder emnyama (inhlanganisela yamalahle, isulfure, ne-potassium nitrate) isetshenziselwa ukuqhubela igobolondo phezulu emoyeni, bese kuthi (ngokusebenzisa i-fuse ehleliwe) ukushayela ukuqhuma. Ukuqhuma kuqhuma "izinkanyezi" (izinto ezincane, eziyinkimbinkimbi ezishisa kancane kancane uma zishaye) kuzo zonke izinkomba. Ziyizinkanyezi ezakha izinhlansi ezikhanyayo, eziqhakazile ezisijabulisa kakhulu.
Izinkanyezi ngokwabo zingaqukatha ama-shells abo amancane, okudala ukuqhuma kwamaphesenti amaningi.
Amakhemikhali amaningi asetshenziselwa ukudala yonke leyo mibala esiyibona lapho iziqhumane ziqhuma. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-sodium compounds enza i-yellows; Ama-arium compounds akha imifino; izinsimbi zethusi zidala i-blues; futhi i-strontium kanye ne-lithium compounds zakha ama-reds. Amanye amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukudala imiphumela ehlukahlukene, njengokuhola, i-arsenic, i-manganese, i-aluminium, i-cadmium, neyensimbi.
Ubuningi bamakhemikhali aqhutshwa emoyeni lapho iziqhumane ziqhuma aziqedi ngokuphelele ukushisa. Lokhu kubonakala kunoma ubani oye wabona yonke intuthu, futhi wezwa umoya we-acrid, eduze nombukiso wesibhamu. Kuvela ukuthi izibhamu zidala inani elimangalisayo lokungcola komoya.
Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokungcola kwegesi okubangelwa ama-hydrocarboni ashisa (njenge-carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide kanye ne-carbon monoxide), ukuqhuma kwezibhamu kukhulula ezinye izinto ezihlukahlukene emkhathini. Eziningi zalezi zinto zenzeka ngesimo se- particulate particulate , esinobukhulu obukhulu bokungena ngaphakathi emapapheni ethu njengoba siphefumula. I-airborne particulate matter ekhishwe iziqhumane ngokuvamile iqukethe amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene asebenzayo ekwakheni izibhamu.
Ucwaningo oluningi lwekhwalithi yomoya ngaphakathi ezindaweni eziseduze nezibuko zomlilo zibonise ukuthi kukhona ukwanda okusheshayo nokwenyuka kulokhu okuphathelene nohlobo lokungcola komoya. Ubude bekhwalithi yemoya empofu emva kokubonisa izibhamu, futhi indawo yomhlaba ethintekile, kuzohluka ngokuphawulekayo, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zendawo, futhi (ikakhulukazi) izici zesimo sezulu, njengomoya wokuvunguza, umswakama, kanye nemvula. Kodwa ngokujwayelekile, ikhwalithi yomoya ithinteka okungenani amahora ambalwa ngemva kokubonisa izibhamu.
Yiziphi Izinkinga Zezokwelapha Eziye zahlangana Nezibuko Zomlilo?
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-particulate particulate matter, yezinga elivame ukukhiqizwa izibhamu, lingabangela izinkinga zamapulmoni kubantu abanesifo se-lungs esandulele.
Kulabo abanesifo esingenasifo se-pulmonary pulmonary (COPD) , amazinga aphakanyisiwe e-particulate particulate matter ahlotshaniswa kakhulu nokudlula i-dyspnea (ukuphefumula okuncane), ukuwohloka kwezifundo zomsebenzi wamapayipi , kanye nokukhula kwamazinga okushona nokufa. Nakhu okungaphezulu kokungcoliswa komoya ne-COPD. Ngenkathi izinkinga zezokwelapha ezimbi kakhulu ezifanayo zingakaze zihlotshaniswe nezibuko zomlilo, izazi zikholelwa ukuthi imikhiqizo evela emiphakathini yomoya ingaveza izinkinga ezifanayo.
Kubantu abane- asthma , ukungcola komoya okubangelwa izibhamu kubonakala ngokucacile kuboniswe izimpawu. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuhlasela kwesifo se-asthma kungase kwenzeke masinyane lapho kuvezwa eduze kokubonisa izibhamu. Okungenani ukufa okulodwa kubhekene nokuhlaselwa okukhulu kwesifo se-asthma, okuholela ekuboshweni komzimba , owesifazane owavezwa ubisi obunzima obuvela emlilweni.
Nakuba ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo nezinye izinkinga zenhliziyo ezinzima azibonakalwanga ngenxa yokungcola komoya okuhlobene nezibhamu, noma yisiphi isizathu sokunciphisa amazinga e-oksijeni egazi kungaba yingozi kumuntu onesifo senhliziyo esingaphansi. Abantu abane- angina elawulwa kahle, noma abanesifo senhliziyo , bangase babe yingozi kakhulu.
Indlela Yokugwema Izinkinga Zezokwelapha Ezihlobene Nezibhamu
Akungabazeki ukuthi ukuhlukahluka okungafani kwezinto ezingcolile ezikhiqizwa izibhamu kubonakala kuhilelekile. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga zezokwelapha empeleni kuboniswe ukuthi zibangelwa ukungcola komoya ezivela emlilweni zifana kakhulu nezinkinga zezokwelapha ezibangelwa noma yimuphi omunye ukungcola komoya.
Umehluko omkhulu wukuthi, ngokungafani nokungcola komoya okuvamile, ukungcola okukhiqizwa izibhamu kungakapheli - futhi kungcono okwamanje, kuhleliwe. Isimo esingaphansi kwalesi sigameko sokungcola komoya esandulele ngokuvamile sinikeza ithuba lokugwema izinkinga ngokugcwele.
Ukusebenzisa ingqondo evamile kuyisihluthulelo. Uma ungumuntu one-asthma noma i-COPD owutholayo kuyasiza ukulandela i-Air Quality Index (AQI) ukuze ugweme ukuwohloka kwezimpawu zakho, khona-ke nawe ungumuntu okufanele ugweme ukusondelana nezibuko zomlilo. Uma uzithola usondelene ngesikhathi sokubonisa izibhamu, kufanele uhambe kude kakhulu njengoba ukwazi ukukwenza, mhlawumbe ekuqondeni okuphezulu. Uma ungena endlini, yenza kanjalo (okungcono esimweni esinesimo sezulu). Uma uhlala eduze, zama ukuhlala endlini kuze kube ngakusasa ekuseni.
Uma ungumuntu onesifo sofuba esingenakukwazi ukuzigcina kude nombukiso omuhle wokuqhumisa umlilo, kufanele ucabange usebenzisa isisindo sokuhlunga (i-NIOS-evunyelwe i-N95), ukugcina udaba lwezinhlayiyana ngaphandle kwezindiza zakho, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi unayo khulula inhaler nawe.
Uma ungumuntu ophilile, ingozi yakho engozini yokuthola izibhamu ibonakala ingacacile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, asazi ngempela ukuthi imiphumela yesikhathi eside ingaba yini (uma ikhona) yokuphefumula inqwaba yezinsimbi ezinobuthi nezinye izinto ezivela emoyeni ezikhiqizwa ukuqhuma komlilo. Lokhu akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kukuhle kuwe. Ngakho kubonakala kunengqondo ukubuka izibuko zomlilo ezikude, ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwakho. Okungenani, ukubona amehlo we-teary ne-acrid iphunga kusho ukuthi umile kakhulu kunabo-futhi kufanele ucabange ngokuthuthela endaweni ehlukile.
Izwi elivela
Izibhamu ezibonisa umlilo zigcwalisa umoya ngenani elikhulu lokungcola, nokuthi ukungcola kuhlanganisa izinto ezithile ezimbi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ngalesi sikhathi izinkinga zezokwelapha eziboniswe ukuthi zibangelwa ukuchazwa kulokhu kungcola kubonakala kunomkhawulo kubantu abanezimo ze-cardiopulmonary zangaphambili, ikakhulukazi i-asthma. Uma unesinye salezi zimo kufanele uzame ukugwema ukuba useduze, futhi mhlawumbe ungene endlini, lapho kuqhuma izibhamu. Wonke umuntu kufanele azame ukujabulela izibuko zomlilo ezivela ebangeni elilinganayo.
> Imithombo:
> Camilleri R, Vella AJ. Umphumela Wezimlilo Emkhakheni Womoya We-Ambient eMalta. Atmos Environ. 2010; 44: 4521-7.
> Umndeni we-Sues WWE Emva komlilo umsila ubulawe umama wamabili phambi kwezingane zakhe njengoba bebukele isiphetho sika-Undertaker. Imeyili Yansuku zonke. Julayi 4, 2013.
> I-Gouder C, I-Monefort S. Impumelelo Yomsebenzi Wezimlilo Eziphefumulayo Kwezempilo. Lung India. 2014 Oct-Dec; 31 (4): 375-379.
> Joly A, uSmargiassi A, uKosatsky T, et al. Ukufaniswa kokuboniswa okucacile phakathi kwezibuko zomlilo. Atmos Environ. 2010; 44: 4325-9.
> I-Tsai H, iChien L, i-Yuan C, i-Lin Y, i-Jen Y, I I. Imithonya Yomlilo Emayelana Nezikhali Zezinto Ezinhle ZaseMelika Ngomkhosi WaseLangtern Lantern. Atmos Environ. 2012; 62: 256-64.