Isifo se-Chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) yisifo esivuzayo esingenakuphikisana emaphashini akho okwenza kube nzima ukuphefumula. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ukukhwehlela okungapheli, ukuvutha, ukukhiqiza i-phlegm, ukuphefumula, nokuzizwa kobuhlungu esifubeni sakho, nakuba lezi zimpawu zingase zingabonakali uze ube sezigaba zesifo.
I-COPD ayinakuphulukiswa, kepha kuyisifo esivinjelwe futhi esingasikhathazeka kanti ekuqaleni uqala ukwelashwa, kungcono ukubikezelwa kwakho.
I-COPD iyimbangela yokuqala yokufa e-United States, elandelwa yisifo senhliziyo kanye nomdlavuza kuphela. Kubonakala kakhulu kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 ubudala futhi kuthinta abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11 baseMelika. Kodwa-ke, izigidi zabantu abadala zinomsebenzi wokukhubazeka kwamaphaphu, okubonisa ukuthi kunamathuba aphakeme okuhlolwa kwengqondo.
Indlela i-COPD ethinta ngayo imifula
I-COPD ibhekene nokunciphisa ukugeleza komoya-kokubili nokungena emaphashini-okungenakuguqulwa ngokugcwele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umoya ophansi ungena futhi uphume emaphashini ngenxa yeyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwezici ezilandelayo:
- Ama-tubes emoyeni kanye ne- alveoli (ama-air bags lapho kukhona khona ukushintshwa kwegesi) balahlekelwa ukuqina kwawo futhi abakwazi ukwelula lapho uphefumula.
- Izindonga eziphakathi kwe-alveoli zibhujiswa.
- Ukwakhiwa kwamatayipi we-air kuba mnandi futhi kuvutha.
- Ama-tubes emoyeni ahlanganisa ukuqhuma okungaphezulu kunalokho okufanele akubambe, okwenza ukuba bagqoke.
Ukukhawulelwa kwe-Airflow ku-COPD kuqhubeka, okusho ukuthi kuvame ukuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuhlotshaniswa nokuphendula okungavamile kwamapayipi akho kuya emangalisweni, njengokushushumbisa ugwayi, ukungcola komoya, noma amakhemikhali anonya.
Izinhlobo ze-COPD
I-COPD igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza iqembu lezifo zamaphaphu kuhlanganise:
- I-Emphysema: Isifo esibangelwa ukulimala e- alveoli , indlela encane kunazo zonke emaphashini lapho ukushintshaniswa kwe-oksijeni ne-carbon dioxide kwenzeka khona, imfucuza ngokuvamile ibangelwa ukubhema. Ama-alveoli ambalwa atholakalayo ngoba lokhu kubhujiswe ukuvuvukala nokukhwabanisa, kanti lezo ezisele ziba yinkinga, zilahlekelwa ukuqina kwazo futhi zibangele ukuthungatha umoya. Ungayifaka lokhu njengombhaluni oye walahlekelwa ukuqina kwawo kodwa umoya uhlala ngisho nalapho ibhaluni liwa (njengokuphefumula).
- I-bronchitis engapheli: Nge- bronchitis engapheli , izindiza zakho zomoya zihlala zivuthayo, okuholela ekunqandeni nasekukhuleni. Le nqubo ibuye ibangele ukukhiqizwa kwe-mucus, okugcwalisa ukuhamba kwemimoya, okuvimbela ngokwengeziwe ukuphefumula kwakho.
- I-Bronchiectasis: Ku- bronchiectasis , izindiza zakho zomoya zihlanjululwa, okuvame ukubangelwa ukutheleleka okuphefumula okuqhubekayo phakathi nobuntwana bakho. Ukuvuvukala kubangela nokukhiqizwa kwe-mucus, okuvimbela ukuhamba kwezindiza zakho nakakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, abantu abaneCOPD banenhlanganisela yalezi zinkinga ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ube nengxenye ye- asthma nesifo, isici esibalulekile uma ucabangela ukwelashwa.
Izimpawu
I-COPD ivame ukungabonakali (ngaphandle kwempawu) kuze kuvele umonakalo omkhulu kumaphaphu. Kuyinto isifo esiqhubekayo lapho abantu abaningi banenkathi lapho bezinzile khona, okunye okungahambisani nezimo ezimbi (ukuwohloka) kwesifo. Izimpawu ezivamile zingabandakanya:
- Ukuphefumula (i-dyspnea), ikakhulu ngemva kokusebenza
- Ukuphikelela, ukukhwehlela nsuku zonke
- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sputum (ukukhwehlela i-phlegm) engacacile, emhlophe, ephuzi noma eluhlaza okombala
- Ukushisa
- Ukukhathala
- Izifo ezithathelwanayo zamaphaphu
- Ukuqina kwesifuba
- I-Cyanosis (i-discoloration ye-bluish yezindebe kanye nemibhede yama-nail)
Izimpawu ezengeziwe ezingase zihambisane nezigaba ezinzima zesifo zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa isisindo, ukulahlekelwa ukudla ( anorexia ), nokukhathala .
I-ankle, unyawo, noma ukuqhuma komlenze kungenzeka ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yemithi noma izinkinga zenhliziyo ezikhona. Ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka yizimpawu ezivamile zomzwelo ze-COPD okumele kwenziwe ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuphila futhi kuncishise ingozi yokukhushulwa kwe- COPD .
Izimbangela
Ezinye izimbangela ze-COPD zibandakanya ukuchayeka kokubhema ugwayi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzibhema noma uke wavezwa umusi womuntu wesibhamu, ukutholakala komsebenzi kwamakhemikhali, ukungcola komoya wangaphakathi nokungaphandle, futhi, ngokuncane kakhulu, isifo sofuzo esibizwa nge- alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) . Abantu abane-asthma ngezinye izikhathi bahlakulela i-COPD.
Ukuxilongwa
Ukwenza ucwaningo olunembile lwezifo zomshoshaphansi olungapheli, umlando ophelele kanye nokuhlolwa komzimba kufanele kuthathwe okumele kuqale nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ukubuza imibuzo ngomlando womndeni wakho, kanye nomlando wakho wokuchayeka komusi wocingo nezinye izinhlobo zemvelo kanye / noma ukuchayeka emsebenzini. Ukuhlolwa okungeziwe kokuhlola kungabandakanya:
- Ukuhlolwa kwegazi (kufaka phakathi i- bloodshed blood gases nokubala okuphelele kwegazi , ikakhulukazi amazinga we-hemoglobin ne- hematocrit )
- I-x-ray ye-Chest (esetshenziselwa ukusekela ukuxilongwa kwe-COPD, hhayi ukunikeza ukuxilongwa okuqondile)
- Ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yepulmonary njenge-spirometry, izivivinyo zokusabalalisa amaphaphu, noma i-plethysmography yomzimba
- I-oxetri ye-Pulse
- Ukuhlolwa kokuntuleka kwe-AAT
Kunezinyathelo ezine ze-COPD: ezincane, ezilinganiselwe, ezinzima, ezinzima kakhulu. Ukufakwa kwesiteji kuvame ukutholakala ehhovisi likadokotela wakho ngokuhlolwa kwe-spirometry.
Ukwelapha
I-COPD ayiwona isigwebo sokufa; ngokuphathwa ngendlela efanele, kungalawulwa. Lokho kusho ukuthi kunezici ezithinta isikhathi sokuphila kwe-COPD, ikakhulukazi inkomba yomzimba wakho (BMI), izinga lokuvinjelwa kwamanzi, amazinga e-dyspnea, nokubekezela kwakho kokuzivocavoca.
Ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kwe-COPD uma uphethile ukuyeka ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Nakuba lokhu kungeke kuguqulwe umonakalo onayo kakade, kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-COPD yakho. Ezinye izinketho zokwelashwa zihlanganisa:
- Imithi: Imithi ejwayelekile ye-COPD ihlanganisa i- bronchodilator engenayo , i- corticosteroids engenayo, i-steroids yomlomo, i- expectorants , i- phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors , kanye nama- antibiotic . Ukwelapha kuvame ukuhlelwa zibe yizigaba ezimbili: imishanguzo yesondlo, esetshenziselwa nsuku zonke futhi ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi kukhona yini izimpawu noma cha, kanye nemithi yokusiza, lapho isetshenziswe uma izimpawu ziba zimbi nakakhulu, njengezikhathi eziphuthumayo.
- Ukwelashwa kwe-oksijeni: Uma izimpawu ziba nzima kakhulu, kungadingeka ukwelashwa okwenziwe nge-oxygen . Ngokujabulisayo kukhona manje izingxenye zokuphefumula ezingasetshenziswa kalula ezivumela abantu abaningi abane-COPD ukuba baphile ukuphila okunomthelela.
- Ukuvuselelwa kwepulmonary: Njengokuvuselela ezinye izifo, ukuvuselelwa kwamaphalenda kungenza umehluko omkhulu kwabanye abantu abahlala neCOPD.
- Ukuqhuma kwemfudu kanye nomgomo wokuphefumula: Lokhu kusiza ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.
- Ukuhlinzwa kwamangqamu: Ukuhlinzwa kwezinhlobo ezintathu kungacatshangelwa i-COPD enzima: Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Volume ukunciphisa kungasetshenziselwa ukususa izicubu zamaphaphu ezilimele. Udokotela wakho angase ancome i- bullectomy , okuyisuswe kwe-bullae ekhulisiwe emaphashini akho. E-COPD enamandla kakhulu, ukuguqulwa kwamaphaphu kunganconywa . Iphesenti elincane kuphela leziguli ze-COPD ezifanelekela ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa njengoba odokotela basebenzisa izindlela eziqinile kakhulu zokukhetha ukhetho lokuhlinzeka. Ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa akulondeli ukusinda kwakho, kodwa kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yakho yokuphila.
- Amasu okugudluza umoya: Lezi yizindlela zokususa umqubu ovela emoyeni wakho , kuhlanganise nokukhwehlela okulawulwayo, i-poet physiotherapy, nokusebenzisa ama-expectorants.
Ukubhekana
Ukuhlala ne-COPD kuhilela izingxenye zomzimba, ezingokomzwelo, ezenhlalakahle nezokusebenza. Uzodinga ukubukela ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka, uqale noma ugcine uhlelo lokuzivocavoca, usebenze ukuyeka ukubhema, uthole ukwesekwa, uqinisekise ukuthi unokudla okunomsoco, ukuxhumana nabantu empilweni yakho, nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwakho.
Ukunakekelwa
Uma unakekela othandekayo nge-COPD , ungamsiza ukuphatha izimpawu, ukuyeka ukubhema, ukuzivocavoca umzimba, ukugcina ukudla okunempilo, ukulondoloza amandla, nokubhekana nokuphela kwezinkinga zokuphila ezifana nokuphathwa kobuhlungu, ukucindezeleka nokudideka .
Ukuvimbela
Nakuba lesi sifo sitholakaliswa, kufanele sigcizelelwe ukuthi uma une COPD, umonakalo awukwazi ukuguqulwa futhi akekho ukwelashwa okuwaziwayo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthatha noma yiziphi izinyathelo ongazenza ukuze uvimbele umonakalo ungabe usawohloka.
Uma ungenayo i-COPD kodwa ucabanga ukuthi usengozini, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingakusiza ukuba uzivimbele ukuba zingabikho:
- Uma ubhema, kufanele uzame ukuyeka i-ASAP .
- Uma uhlala nomuntu oshaya, qiniseka ukuthi abashundi nxazonke. Ukwengeza, akekho omele afune ukubhema lapho ingane ikhona.
- Uma usebenza emakhemikhali anobungozi, uthuli, noma ezinye izinhlobo zezingozi zomsebenzi ezingase zicasule amaphaphu akho, qiniseka ukuthi ufake izingubo zokuzivikela ezihlanganisa imaski namagilavu.
- Uma usengozini yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo njengoba kunqunywa udokotela wakho, thola isibhamu sonyaka.
- Funda indlela yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya ekhaya lakho .
- Thatha ukuhlolwa kwe-spirometry ukuze uthuthukise amathuba akho okuthola kuqala.
Izwi elivela
Uma unezici zobungozi zeCOPD noma ucabanga ukuthi ungaba nakho, bheka udokotela wakho ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni uqala ukwelashwa, kungcono ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwakho kube ngcono. Kunezinto ongayenza ukuze unciphise ezinye zezimpawu zokuqhubeka zeCOPD. Okukhulu kakhulu futhi okuphumelelayo kakhulu ukuyeka ukubhema . Ukuyeka ukubhema kuthuthukisa kokubili isikhathi sokuphila kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila kubantu abahlala neCOPD. Ukudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca nsuku zonke nakho kuyisihluthulelo sokuphila kahle. Uma ukwelashwa nokuphathwa kwezimpawu zakho, ungaphila impilo engcono kakhulu.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Lung Association. I-COPD ithinta kanjani umzimba wakho. Kubuyekeziwe ngo-1 Novemba, 2016.
> I-American Lung Association. Yini eyenza i-COPD. Kubuyekezwe i-Disemba 23, 2017.
> I-Global Initiative ye-Lung Dungase Chronicle Obstructive. Isu Lomhlaba Wonke Lokuthola Ukuxilongwa, Ukuphathwa Nokuvimbela Izifo Eziphuthumayo Zokuvimbela Izifo Eziphuthumayo: Umbiko we-2018 . Ishicilelwe ngoNovemba 20, 2017.
> Inhliziyo kaZwelonke, iLung, ne-Blood Institute. I-COPD. I-National Institute of Health. Izinsizakalo Zempilo Nezenhlalo zase-US.