Amazinga Wokusekelwa Ahlanganiswe Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Autism Spectrum
Wonke umuntu one-autism uthola ukuxilongwa okufanayo: i-autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Kodwa i-autism yinkinga ye-spectrum, okusho ukuthi umuntu angaba mnene, ngokulinganisela, noma ngokukhululekile kwe-autistic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi wonke umuntu onayo i-autism enezimpawu ezithile eziyisisekelo, abantu abaningi baneminye imininingwane ehambisana nayo njengokwengqondo noma ukukhubazeka kolimi.
Ukusiza otholampilo (nabanye) bachaze kangcono amacala ahlukene we-autism, abadali bebhuku lokuhlola lokusemthethweni (DSM-5) bathuthukise "amazinga amathathu okusekela." Abahlengikazi kulindeleke ukuthi baxilonge abantu abane-autism ezingeni 1, ezingeni lesi-2, noma ezingeni le-3. La mazinga abonisa ikhono lomuntu siqu lokukhulumisana, ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezintsha, ukwandisa ngaphezu kwezintshisekelo ezivinjelwe, nokuphatha impilo yansuku zonke. Abantu abasezingeni 1 badinga ukwesekwa okuncane, kuyilapho abantu ezingeni lesithathu badinga ukusekelwa okuningi.
Nakuba umbono wamazinga e-ASD wokusekela wenza umqondo onengqondo, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi odokotela ukuba banikeze izinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isabelo samazinga singaba yizansi. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba umuntu aguqule amazinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba amakhono abo ethuthuka futhi ezinye izinto (njengokukhathazeka) kwehla.
Indlela Ukuxilongwa Kwe-Autism Kushintshwe nge-DSM-5
I-DSM yiyona ncwadi esemthethweni ye-American Psychiatric Association echaza ukukhathazeka kwengqondo nokuthuthukiswa.
Nakuba kungenalo isimo sezomthetho, i-DSM inomthelela omkhulu endleleni ababheki besikhwama, izikole, nabanye abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo bacabanga ngayo futhi baphathe i-autism.
Kuze kube ngu-2013, i-DSM ichaze umthamo we-autism njengesiyaluyalu esinezifo eziyisihlanu ezihlukile. I-Asperger syndrome, empeleni, isichazamagama sokuthi "i- autism esebenza kahle ," kuyilapho ukuphazamiseka kwe-autistic kwakusho cishe into efanayo " ne-autism enzima ." Abantu abane- PDD-NOS babenezinye kodwa hhayi zonke izimpawu ze-autism (kodwa lezo zimpawu zingaba mncane noma ezinzima).
I-Rett syndrome ne-Fragile X syndrome, izifo ezingavamile zofuzo, nazo zazibhekwa njengezingxenye ze-autism spectrum.
Khona-ke, ngoMeyi 2013, i-DSM-5 yashicilelwe. I-DSM-5, ngokungafani ne-DSM-IV, ichaza i-autism njengengqayizivele "ye-spectrum disorder," enezigaba ezichaza izimpawu eziphathelene nokuxhumana komphakathi , ukuziphatha , ukuguquguquka nokuzwela komuntu Noma ubani owayesitholiwe ukuthi unesinye yalezi ziphazamiso "zazalelwa" ku-autism spectrum disorder entsha. Ukuxilongwa okusha, ukuxilongwa kwezokuxhumana komphakathi , kudalwe ukuhlukanisa abantu abanezinguqulo ezincane kakhulu zezimpawu ze-autism.
Amazinga amathathu Wokusekela (Amazinga ASD 1, 2, no-3)
I-autism spectrum yinkimbinkimbi enkulu futhi ihlukahlukene. Abanye abantu abane-autism bahlakaniphile kanti abanye bekhubazekile ngokwengqondo. Abanye banezinkinga ezinkulu zokuxhumana kanti abanye bangabalobi nezikhulumi zomphakathi.
Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, i-DSM-5 yokuhlonza i-criteria ihlanganisa ezintathu "amazinga asebenzayo," okuchazwa yilowo nalowo ngokusekelwe 'kwesekelo' umuntu ofuna ukuwenza emphakathini jikelele. Ngokuhlinzeka nge-autism spectrum diagnostic ngezinga elisebenzayo, okungenani inkolelo, kufanele kube khona ukudweba isithombe esicacile samakhono nezidingo zomuntu.
Nazi amazinga amathathu, njengoba kuchaziwe ku-DSM:
I-ASD Level 3: "Kudinga Ukusekelwa Okukhulu Kakhulu"
Ukuphuluka okukhulu kwamakhono okukhulumisana okukhulumisana nabangenalutho kumphakathi kubangele ukukhubazeka okukhulu ekusebenzeni, ukuqaliswa okulinganiselwe kokusebenzisana komphakathi, nokuphendula okuncane emiphakathini yomphakathi evela kwabanye. Isibonelo, umuntu onamazwi ambalwa entetho ehlakaniphile engaqabukeli ukuxhumana futhi, lapho enza, enza izindlela ezingavamile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo kuphela futhi aphendule izindlela eziqondile ngqo zomphakathi.
Ukungaqondakali kokuziphatha, ubunzima obunzima bokubhekana nokuguqulwa, noma ukuziphatha okuvinjelwe / okuphindaphindiwe ngokuphawulekayo kuphazamisa ukusebenza kuzo zonke izigaba.
Ukucindezeleka okukhulu / ubunzima ukushintsha ukugxila noma isenzo.
I-ASD Level 2: "Kudinga Ukusekelwa Okukhulu"
Ukulahleka kwamakhomikhali amakhono okukhulumisana okukhulumisana nomphakathi; ukukhubazeka komphakathi kubonakale ngisho nangezinsiza endaweni; ukuqaliswa okulinganiselwe kokuxhumana kwabantu; futhi ukunciphisa noma ukuphendula okungajwayelekile ezingxenyeni zomphakathi kusuka kwabanye. Isibonelo, umuntu okhuluma ngemisho elula, ukuxhumana kwakhe kunqunyelwe ukunciphisa izithakazelo ezikhethekile, futhi ngubani okhulumayo okungavamile okungavamile .
Ukungaqondakali kokuziphatha, ukubhekana nobunzima bokubhekana nokushintsha, noma ukuziphatha okukhawulelwe / okuphindaphindiwe kubonakala njalo okwanele ukuze kubonakale kumuntu ongaboni kahle futhi kuphazamise ukusebenza ngendlela ehlukahlukene. Ukucindezeleka kanye / noma ubunzima ukushintsha ukugxila noma isenzo.
I-ASD Level 1: "Kudinga ukusekelwa"
Ngaphandle kokusekela endaweni, ukulahlekelwa ekukhulumisaneni kwezenhlalakahle kubangela ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo. Ukubunzima ukuqala ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalo kanye nezibonelo ezicacile zezimpendulo ezingenasiphelo noma ezingaphumelelanga ezithandweni zomphakathi zabanye. Kungabonakala sengathi sekunciphise intshisekelo ekuxhumaneni komphakathi. Isibonelo, umuntu okwazi ukukhuluma ngemisho egcwele futhi ahlanganyele ekukhulumisaneni kodwa okukhulumisana naye nabanye abahlulekayo, futhi okuzama ukukwenza abangani kungavamile futhi akuphumelelanga.
Ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha kubangele ukuphazanyiswa okuphawulekayo nokusebenza esimweni esisodwa noma ngaphezulu. Kunzima ukushintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi. Izinkinga zokuhlelwa nokuhlela ziphoqa ukuzimela.
Yini engekho kulezi zinombolo ze-ASD zokusekela?
Njengoba cishe usuqaphele kakade, ama-autism "amazinga" we-autism aphakamisa imibuzo eminingi njengoba ephendula. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Uhlobo luni lwe "ukwesekwa" okwakwenziwa uMelika Psychiatric Association lapho ehlakulela la mazinga asebenzayo? Umsizi? Umsizi womuntu siqu? Umsizi wesikole esingu-1: 1? Umqeqeshi womsebenzi? Umeluleki wekolishi?
- Yiziphi izimo abantu abazenzayo emazingeni ahlukahlukene abadinga "ukusekelwa?" Abanye abantu abane-autism benza kahle ekhaya kodwa badinga usizo esikoleni (lapho izidingo ziqondile futhi zikhulu). Abanye abantu abane-autism benza kahle esikoleni kodwa badinga usizo emiphakathini yomphakathi kanye nomsebenzi.
- Abanye abantu abane-autism bathole ukwelashwa okwanele ukuba bavele beseduze uma bexoxwa ngumuntu omdala kodwa banezindaba ezibalulekile uma bexhumana noontanga. Yiluphi uhlobo lokusekelwa okungadingeka?
- Ingabe amazinga okusekela abuyela emuva, nganoma iyiphi indlela, kumasevisi anikeziwe? (Impendulo, kuze kube manje, ivela "ngezinye izikhathi.")
- Ukukhathazeka kuyisici esivamile kakhulu kubantu abane-autism ephezulu esebenzayo, futhi lokhu kungabangela izinselele ezidinga izilungiselelo ezijwayelekile. Uma umuntu ekhanyayo, ekhuluma ngamazwi, nangokwazi-kodwa ekhungathekile futhi ecindezelekile, ngakho-ke edingwa ukwesekwa okukhulu ukuze asebenze emsebenzini noma esikoleni-uhlala kuphi esithombeni?
Uma uzithola udidekile mayelana namazinga omsebenzi omusha futhi lapho wena noma ingane yakho ingena khona, cishe awuyedwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-APA kanye nezinhlangano ze-autism zizoqoqa ulwazi oluvela kubasebenzi, ababheki bomshuwalense, abazali, kanye nabazimele be-autistic ukuze bathole umuzwa wokuthi uhlelo olusha lusebenza kanjani nokuthi kanjani. Kukhona ithuba elihle kakhulu ukuthi i-DSM-5.1 izofaka izinguquko emazingeni asebenzayo njengoba ulwazi luyatholakala.
> Imithombo:
> Incwadi Yokuxilongwa Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo: DSM-5. U-Arlington, VA: I-American Psychiatric Publishing, ngo-2013. Phrinta.
> King BH, Navot N, Bernier R, i-Webb SJ. Buyekeza ekuhlelweni kokuxilonga ku-autism. Umbono wamanje ngokugula kwengqondo . 2014; 27 (2): 105-109. i-doi: 10.1097 / YCO.0000000000000040.
> Weitlauf AS, Gotham KO, UV AC, Warren ZE. Umbiko omfushane: I-DSM-5 "Amanothi wokusekela:" I-Comment on Conceptualization Discrepant of Severity ku-ASD. I-Journal ye-autism nezinkinga zokuthuthukiswa . 2014; 44 (2): 471-476. i-doi: 10.1007 / s10803-013-1882-z.