Izazi Neurologists Zicabangani Ngokweqile?
Uma othile ebuthakathaka, izazi ze-neurologists zizama ukuthola ngqo ukuthi imithombo yobuthakathaka ilalaphi. Zonke ezinye izinyathelo ekunqumeni imbangela yobuthakathaka landela lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile. Ukuthola ngokunembile umthombo wenkinga kungaba inselele futhi kudinga ubuchwepheshe obuningi, kodwa ngokusebenzisa ezinye iziqondiso eziyisisekelo, ukubuza imibuzo efanele nokwenza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe, isazi sezinzwa singase sithole indawo yobuthakathaka.
Imikhombandlela elandelayo ingumgqa obala walokho ama-neurologists aqeqeshelwe ukukwenza uma ehlola umuntu obuthakathaka. Nakuba lezi zingakusiza uqonde lokho udokotela azama ukukufeza ngokukubuza imibuzo futhi enze ukuhlolwa, lesi sihloko asihlosiwe ukuthi sithathe indawo yokuhlola okwanele! Ubuthakathaka bungaba yinkinga enkulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma isakazeka ukufaka imisipha ehilelekile ekuphefumuleni. Ngenkathi izinkinga ezithile zezinzwa ezinjengokuphazamiseka kungase zibe yingozi, ubuthakathaka obungenakuchazwa kufanele buhlolwe njalo ngudokotela oqeqeshiwe.
Lapho ukhuluma ngobuthakathaka nodokotela wezinzwa, kubalulekile ukwazi kahle ukuthi kusho ukuthini igama elithi "buthakathaka." Abanye abantu basebenzisa igama elithi "buthakathaka" ukusho ukuthi "bakhathele" noma "bakhathele," kepha ngisho nalapho othile ekhathele futhi ezama ngokusemandleni akhe ukuphakamisa okuthile, usakwazi ukwenza kanjalo. Ubuthakathaka obuningi obubhekene neurologists ngukuthi umzimba awukwazi ukuphakamisa noma ukumelana nalokho okwakungenzeka, isib. Uma i-gallon yobisi ngokuzumayo ibonakala isilinganisa amapounds angu-50.
Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ngenkathi cishe noma yikuphi ukugula, kufaka phakathi ukushisa okuvamile, kungenza umuntu azizwe ecindezelekile, ukukhathazeka okumbalwa kwenza umuntu abe buthakathaka ngempela ngokomzimba - futhi eziningi zalezi zingxaki zingasongela ukuphila.
Indlela Ubuchopho Buchaza Ngayo Imisipha Yomthengi
Ukuhamba ngamandla aphelele kuxhomeke kwisignali kagesi ehamba ukusuka ebusweni bebuchopho phansi komgogodla, lapho izinzwa zixhumana khona (i-synapse) uphondo lwangaphakathi lwendophi enezinzwa zomzimba ezizoshiya umgogodla bese uhamba ukuya emisipha .
Lapho, izinzwa zihlanganisa futhi ukuhlangana kwe-neuromuscular, ukuthumela i-acetylcholine ye-neurotransmitter ukutshela umsila ukuba usebenze. I-calcium igeleza emigwaqweni ekhethekile ye-ion, futhi izimpande ze-muscle zifinyeze, okuholela ekugqibeni kwe-muscle ethile. Izimpawu ezilula ze-neural zidlulisela ulwazi mayelana nalokhu kuqhuma emuva komgogodla ukuze kuvinjelwe imisipha ehlukile kusukela ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuthenga, ukuze ukwandise amandla okuhamba. Isibonelo, uma i-bicep izama ukuvumelanisa ingalo elugqeni, bekungeke kube yinkinga uma le nhlangano izama ukuqondisa ingalo ngesikhathi esifanayo - ngakho-ke izibonakaliso ze-neural loop zibonisa ukuphumula ngesikhathi se-bicep flexion.
Izindebe ezisemgogodleni zivame ukuvinjelwa njalo ebuchosheni, ukugcina imisipha ikhululekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uma isignali esiphakathi kobuchopho nemisipha yomzimba iqedwa, ngemva kwesikhathi kungase kwande ukuqina nokuqina okuqhamukayo emlenzeni othintekile. Lezi ziyaziwa ngokuthi yizinjini eziphezulu ze-neuron ezitholayo. Ngokuphambene, ukutholwa kwe-motor neuron ephansi kuhlanganisa ukungafani nokufakela ama-fasiculations . Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, uma ukulimala kanzima noma ukushaya, ukutholakala okukhulu kwe-motor neuron kungase kungabikho masinyane, futhi udokotela angase asadingeke asolise umonakalo ebuchosheni noma emgodini womgogodla.
Ngamafuphi, isinyathelo sokuqala ekunqumeni ukuthi kungani umuntu ebuthakathaka ukuqhathanisa ukutholwa kwe-neuron engenhla, nokuthola ukuthi inkinga inesimiso sezinzwa zomzimba noma isimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi (ubuchopho nentambo yomgogodla).
Ukuqaphela i-Lesion ku-System Central Nervous
Uma kunezici ezibalulekile eziphezulu zokuthola izinzwa ze-neuron ekuhlolweni kwezinzwa, odokotela bangase bafune ukuqhubeka nokuphenya ubuchopho nentambo yomgogodla, njengoba befuna ezinye izibonakaliso kungenza kube lula ukukhanya endaweni efanele yenkinga. Isibonelo, uma othile enganaki ngaphansi kwezinga elithile entanyeni, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi banenkinga ngocingo lomgogodla wesibeletho.
Uma benenkinga ebandakanya ubuso (ikakhulukazi uma nje ingxenye engezansi yobuso), inkinga kungenzeka ukuthi ibe ku-brainstem noma ebuchosheni ngokwayo. Ngenxa ye-quirk ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yezinzwa, ama-motor fibers awela phansi kwe-brainstem. Ngakho uma umlenze ongakwesokudla unomuntu obuthakathaka, kungaba yinkinga ngehlangothini lokunene lomgogodla noma ohlangothini lwesobunxele bobuchopho.
Ukuqaphela Inkinga Kwisistimu Yezinzwa Eziphazamisayo
Ukwehluleka ngenxa yenkinga ngesistimu yesifo sezinzwa kungabangela izinkinga ezinezinzwa zomzimba, ukuhlangana kwe-neuromuscular, noma imisipha.
Izinzwa zomzimba zingonakaliswa ukutheleleka, izifo ezithinta umzimba, kanye nokuvame ukufakwa emagcekeni amancane afana ne- foramina , lapho aphuma khona umgogodla. Mhlawumbe izibonelo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa i- radiculopathies , i-tennis elbow noma i-carpal tunnel syndrome. Ama -syndromes ashukumisa nje ama-neurons ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphazamiseka akuvamile, kodwa angafaka izinhlobo ezithile ze- Guillain-Barré syndrome , i- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis kanye ne-multitifocal motor neuropathy.
Ukuhlangana kwe-neuromuscular kungathinteka yi-toxins noma izifo ezizimele ezivimbela ukubonakaliswa okuvamile yi-neurotransmitter. Isibonelo, i-botulinum i-toxin ivimbela ukukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter kusuka ekugcineni kwesiguli. E- myasthenia gravis , ama-molecule we-receptor ezicubu ze-muscle ahlaselwa yisistimu yomzimba yomzimba, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukubopha i-neurotransmitter acetylcholine ngemuva kokukhishwa.
Kunezinkinga ezihlukahlukene ze-muscular (myopathies) ezingabangela ubuthakathaka. Ngokuvamile ubuthakathaka buba nhlangothi zombili zomzimba ngokulinganayo, njengoba kunjalo nakwe-polymyositis, kodwa kwezinye izimo lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi akunjalo. Isibonelo, ukufakwa komzimba we-myositis kuyimbangela evamile yobuthakathaka obubuthakathaka obuvame ukulingana.
Olunye Ukwaziswa Olusetshenziswa Amagciwane Wegazi
Ngaphezu kokuthola lesi sifo, izazi ze-neurologists zisebenzisa ulwazi mayelana nenkambo yobuthakathaka, nokuthi zisakazeka kanjani, ukuze zithole imbangela. Isifo, isibonelo, sivame ukuza masinyane, kanti ukuzamazama kungathatha izinyanga ukuthuthukisa. Indlela yokusabalalisa ibalulekile: Isibonelo, i-Guillain-Barre syndrome, ngokujwayelekile, iqala ezinyaweni bese isakazeka phezulu, kanti ubuthi lwe-botulinum bubangela ubuthakathaka obuhle kusuka phezulu komzimba.
Inombolo yezinkinga zezokwelapha ezibangela ubuthakathaka kakhulu. Ukuqaphela indawo yenkinga, kanye nephethini ehambisana nobuthakathaka, kungasiza odokotela ukuba bahlele uhlu olude lwezinkinga ezingase zibe khona ukuthola umphumela weqiniso. Khumbula ukuthi ubuthakathaka obungachazwanga kufanele buphenye njalo ochwepheshe bezokwelapha abaqeqeshiwe.
Imithombo:
I-Hal Blumenfeld, i-Neuroanatomy ngokusebenzisa Izimo Zemitholampilo. I-Sunderland: Abakwa-Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002
I-Ropper AH, ama-Samuels MA. Adams kanye Nemigomo kaVictor ye-Neurology, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.