Imfundo Yezocansi Eningi Ngokumelene Nokuziqeda-Imfundo Yodwa
Uma kuziwa emfundweni yezocansi, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:
Imfundo Yezocansi Ephelele
Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zikhuthaza ukuzithiba , zihlanganisa nokufundisa nokufundisa mayelana nezindlela zokwelapha ezitholakalayo . Lezi zinhlelo zingabuye zihlolisise umongo kanye nezincazelo ezithintekayo kwezocansi, okusebenza ngokubheka ukuthi intsha eningi izoba nezocansi, futhi ihlanganisa izingxoxo ngokuphathelene nokukhulelwa, ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu , ukukhipha isisu , izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi kanye ne-HIV.
Ukuzigcina-Imfundo Yodwa
Lezi zinhlelo zikhuthaza ukuzithiba ngokocansi futhi aziqapheli ukuthi intsha eningi izothinteka ngokocansi. Nakuba zibandakanya izingxoxo zokuziphatha , izindinganiso, ukwakha izakhi, futhi, ngezinye izikhathi "indlela yokuthi cha" amakhono, azifundisi ngokuphathelene nokukhulelwa noma ukusebenzisa ikhondomu, futhi azibandakanyi izingxoxo mayelana nokukhipha isisu, futhi ngokuvamile ukuletha izihloko ze-STD kanye ne-HIV kuphela njengezizathu zokuthi kungani intsha kufanele ihlale ingabonakali.
Imali ye-Federal for Education Education:
Umthetho wesifundazwe awudingi imfundo yezocansi ezikoleni. Kodwa-ke, phakathi neminyaka, iCongress yenze izinhlelo ezintathu (konke okuyizinhlelo zokuziqeda-kuphela) ezihlinzeka ngemali ehambisana nezemfundo ngezocansi:
- Umthetho Wokuphila Komndeni Wase-Adolescent (AFLA)
- Ukuxhaswa kuphela kwezimali zokuziqeda ngokwemithetho ngonyaka we-1996 Welfare Reform
- ImiSebenzi Ekhethekile Yezifunda Nezizwe Ezibalulekile - Uhlelo Lokunikezela Ngokuziqeda Umphakathi (SPRANS-CBAE)
Umthetho we-Welfare Reform Act ka-1996 usayinwe ngumthetho nguMengameli Clinton. Ngaleso sikhathi, abameli be-ultra-conservative bafaka inqubomgomo engacacile engeza kulo myalelo "wokumelwe ube". Leli lungiselelo alitholakali kancane. Ebizwa ngokuthi yi -Curriculum Welfare Reform Act ka-1996 , yabiza u-$ 50 million ngonyaka (iminyaka emihlanu) ukuthi izifunda zisetshenziselwe izinhlelo zokuzithiba.
Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, lezi zinhlelo zifundisa:
- "Ubuhlobo bomunye nomunye othembekile emkhatsini womshado yizinga elilindelekile lomsebenzi wobulili."
- "Ukuzigwema emisebenzini yobulili engashadile njengendlela ekulindeleke kubo bonke abantwana abaneminyaka esikoleni."
- "Umsebenzi wobulili ngaphandle komongo womshado cishe uzoba nemiphumela emibi engokwengqondo nempilo."
I-Pro-Abstinence-Only Education Education Movement:
Ukuphathwa kweBush kushukumise ukuhamba kwe- pro-abstinence kuphela kwezinga elisha. Ngokushesha nje lapho uMongameli uGeorge Bush ethatha isikhundla, wadala uhlelo olusha - izibonelelo zezeMfundo zokuHlala koMphakathi. Ngesikhathi sokuPhathwa kweBush, imali yokuzigcina yokuziyeka-imfundo kuphela yokuphindwa kabili, kusukela ku-$ 80 million ngo-2001 kuya ku-$ 200 million ngonyaka ka-2007. UBush wakhuthaza lezi zinhlelo nakuba kungekho bufakazi obuphetha bokuthi ikharityhulam yokuziqhenya kuphela imelela isifiso "esivamile" saseMelika ngoba yini okufanele ifundiswe ezikoleni noma izinselelo zangempela zokuphila ezibhekene "nomphakathi" osemusha waseMelika. Ngo-2006, izinga lokukhulelwa kwentsha lenyuke okokuqala esikhathini esingaphezu kweyishumi - lenyuke ngo-3%. Ukukhishwa kwesisu nentsha yokubeletha kwanda futhi.
Ngesikhathi uMongameli Obama engena ehhovisi, waqala ukusika izimali zesiTatimende V zokuzigwema-mkhuba ezivela kwisabelomali sesifundazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, izifunda ezingu-25 zase ziqalile ukulahla le mali - 16 ngoba abavumelani nemibono noma abazange babone imiphumela emihle kulezi zinhlelo zokuziqeda kuphela.
Indlela Izifunda Ezilawula Ngayo Imfundo Yezocansi:
Ngokusho kweGittmacher Institute, iningi lamazwe manje seliyamukele imithetho elawulwa yi-STD kanye nemfundo yezocansi:
- I-20 ithi nesifunda saseColombia sidinga ukuthi imfundo yombili yesondo ne-HIV / STD inganikezwa.
- I-29 ithi nesifundazwe saseSithili sase-Columbia ukuthi, uma kunikeziwe, izinhlelo zobulili kanye ne-HIV / STD zihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile ezijwayelekile.
- 33 ithi kanye nesifunda seSifunda saseColombia sinegunya lokufundisa nge-HIV / STD; Kulezi zizwe, imfundo engu-13 kuphela ye-HIV / STD imfundo.
- Lapho kuhlinzeka ngemfundo yezocansi kanye / noma i-HIV / STD, ama-37 athi nesifunda saseColumbia bathi izifunda zesikole zikwazisa abazali (22), zidinga imvume yabazali (2), noma zivumele abazali ukuba basuse izingane zabo emfundisweni (35).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho imfundo yocansi ifundiswa esikoleni:
- Izifunda ezingu-37 zidinga ulwazi lokuziqhayisa olunikezwayo (izifunda ezingu-26 zifuna ukuthi zigxiliwe kanti izifunda ezingu-11 zifuna kuphela ukuthi zihlanganisiwe).
- I-18 ithi nesifunda sase-Columbia sidinga ukuthi ulwazi lokulawulwa kokuzalwa lufundiswa.
- U-12 uthi ukuphikisana kwengxoxo ngezocansi kufakiwe.
- Izingxoxo zokufundisa ngezocansi kufanele zifake ulwazi mayelana namakhono okugwema ukucindezelwa ukuba abe nobulili (ama-20 athi no-DC); ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinempilo mayelana nobulili (izifunda ezingu-20); kanye nemfundo yokukhuluma namalungu omndeni, ikakhulukazi abazali, mayelana nobulili (11).
- Izifunda ezingu-18 zidinga ukuthi imfundo ifaka ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela emsebenzini wobulili kuphela emshadweni.
- Izifunda ezingu-13 zidinga ukufakwa kolwazi emiphumeleni emibi yezocansi zesilisa nokukhulelwa.
- Lapho kuhlinzekwa imfundo ye-HIV / STD : izifunda ezingu-20 zidinga ulwazi ngamakhondomu noma ukukhulelwa komzimba, kanti izifunda ezingu-39 zidinga ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kufakiwe.
Lokho okushiwo yi-Research About Education Comprehensive Education vs. Ukuzidela-Imfundo Yodwa:
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinhlelo eziningi zokufundisa ngezocansi yizona kuphela ezibonisa imiphumela. Intsha evezwe kule nkinga yokulibazisa ngezocansi ngokuya ocansini, ngokuvamile ibe nabalingani bezocansi abancane, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bayasebenzisa ukulawula ukubeletha uma bezocansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo luye lwembula ukwehluleka kwemfundo kuphela. Kubekho ubufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezenzelwe ukulala ngokocansi; Eqinisweni, intsha evezwe kuphela ekufundiseni ukuyeka ukuzibulala ingase ibe nemicabango engalungile mayelana namakhondomu nokusetshenziswa kwekhondomu futhi kungenzeka nje njengabasha (abangazange bafunde imilayezo yezocansi - hhayi ngisho nokuziyeka) kuphela ukuthi balale ocansini, babe nenani elifanayo wabalingani, nokuthi babe nobulili obungavimbelwe.
Ukucabangela komzali kanye nentsha emfundweni yezocansi:
Lapho ihlonywe yi-National Campaign yokuvimbela ukukhulelwa kwentsha, kubonakala sengathi amaphesenti amakhulu entsha (64%) abonisa ukuthi afuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nokukhulelwa kokubeletha nokuzivimbela. Abazali abangu-76% babe nesifiso esifanayo nakancane. Kubuye kubonakale ukuthi abazali abaningi bathatha indlela ejwayelekile yokuvimbela ukucansi kokuqala kanye nokukhulelwa kwentsha. Abazali abaningi baseMelika bafuna ngokucacile ukuthi izingane zabo zizithibe; bayakholelwa ukuthi intsha kufanele iqonde ukuthi ubulili kufanele buhlanganiswe nokuzibophezela okunenjongo nokujulile. Lokhu kuthiwa, abazali abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi abanye abasha bayasakhetha ukulala nabo (ngisho nalapho ukucindezeleka kugxilile). Ngenxa yalokhu, abazali abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi intsha kufanele inikezwe ulwazi mayelana nezinzuzo kanye nokulinganiselwa kokukhulelwa kokukhulelwa kanye nokufundiswa lapho ingafuna khona izinsizakalo zezempilo ezifanele.
Imithombo:
Chris Collins, C., Alagiri, P., & Summers, T. (Mashi 2002). "Ukuziqeda Kuphela Ngokuphikisana Nemfundo Yezocansi". IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSan Francisco. Ifinyelele ngo-2/22/2012.
Guttmacher Institute. (Febhuwari 2012). "IZINQUBOMGOMO ZEMIBUZO NGAPHAKATHI: Imfundo yezocansi ne-HIV." Ifinyelele ngo-2/22/2012.
Guttmacher Institute. (Januwari 2010). " Ukukhulelwa Kwamabhungu E-US, Ukuzalwa, Nokukhipha Isisu: Amathrendi Nezimboni Zikazwelonke Nezizwe ngohlanga nobuhlanga ." Ifinyelele ngo-2/22/2012.
U-Kirby, D. (2007). Izimpendulo Ezivelayo 2007: Ukuthola Ukucwaninga Ngezinhlelo Zokunciphisa Ukukhulelwa Kwabancane Nezifo Zobulili. " Washington, DC: Umkhankaso Kazwelonke Wokuvimbela Ukukhulelwa Kwabantwana Abangenakulungiswa.
Umkhankaso kaZwelonke wokuvimbela ukukhulelwa kwentsha. (2002). "Ngezwi elilodwa lika-2002: Abantu abadala baseMelika nabasha bayasakaza ngokukhulelwa kwentsha." Washington, DC: Umbhali.
Trenholm, C., Devaney, B., Fortson, K., Quay, L., Wheeler, J. & Clark, M. (Ephreli 2007). "Imithelela yeVihloko ezine V, Isigaba 510 Izinhlelo ZokuziQeda Ukuziqeda: Umbiko Wokugcina." I-Princeton, NJ: Ucwaningo Lwezinqubomgomo ZeMathematika. Kufinyelelwe nge-subscription yangasese 2/22/2012.