Unyaka ngamunye abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2 amantombazane nabesifazane baphoqeleka ukuba baphathe umuthi wokuhlukumeza ngokocansi (FGM.) Isizathu esithile esivela kulo mkhuba siyahlukahluka ezweni lonke nakumasiko kuya emasiko. Noma kunjalo, isizathu esijwayelekile sihlala sinye. Umgomo ukuphika abesifazane amandla okuba nobulili obujabulisayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela benze ukuba bavikele ubulili babo kubayeni babo.
Ukuguqulwa komzimba kungase kube umkhosi wenkolo wokuqalwa kwaba ngowesifazane, indlela yokuhlanza ingxenye yomzimba omubi, edingekayo nguNkulunkulu, noma nje indlela yokwandisa injabulo yabantu. I-FGM, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukusika ngokobulili noma ukusoka kwabesifazane, kwenziwa emazweni angaphezu kuka-30. Iningi lala mazwe lisebhande elisendleleni yonkana ne-Afrika enyakatho ye-equator.
Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi i-FGM ayitholi ingozi yowesifazane ngezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi . Ngokuqinisekile futhi akuyona into evikelayo. Emazweni amaningi lapho kuqhutshwa khona i-FGM, abesifazane abaye babhekwa nge-mutilation banezilinganiso ezifanayo zezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi kulabo abagula imizimba yabo. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuvukala komzimba wesifazane kubeka abesifazane engozini enkulu yegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculaza lapho kusetshenziselwa izindlela zokuhlinzwa ezingenabuzwelo kule nqubo.
Uhlelo lwe-WHO lokuhlukanisa
Ukufelwa komzimba wesifazane akuyona indlela yokufanisa. Ihlukaniswa nokusika okungokomfanekiso kwezitho zangasese ukuqedela ukususwa kwe-clitoris kanye nezitho zangasese zangaphandle ngokugxuma kwezinhlangothi zombili zesilonda esivulekile kanye nokwanele nje kokuvulwa ukuvumela ukuphunyuka kwegazi kanye nomchamo.
Ukususwa kwe-clitoris kuyaziwa ngokuthi i-clitoridectomy noma i-clitorectomy.
I-World Health Organization empeleni yenza uhlelo lokuhlukanisa i-FGM elihlukanisa ngezigaba kanje.
- Thayipha i-excit of the prepuce (clitoral hood) kanye nengxenye noma yonke i-clitoris.
- Uhlobo lwesibili luyinto engavamile yokuqothulwa kanye ne-clitoris kanye nokuzikhethela okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kwe-labia minora.
- Uhlobo lwe-III luguquguqukayo. Ukunciphisa umzimba kuwukungaxhunyeki kwengxenye noma zonke izitho zangasese zangaphandle kanye nokugxilwa kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ezihlangene ndawonye ngezinga elihlukahlukene.
- Uhlobo lwe-IV luyinto ehlabayo, ukubhoboza, ukuchotshozwa, ukwelula, ukukhipha noma ezinye izinqubo ezilimazayo ezenziwa kwi-clitoris, labia, noma kokubili.
Okuhlangenwe nakho okwenziwe yi-FGM akuhlali njalo kweyodwa yalezi zigaba. Ubukhulu bokuhlinza buhluka phakathi kwabasebenzi basekhaya kanye naphakathi kwamaqembu amasiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba ingase ifake izici zenye noma izinhlobo eziningi zokuguqulwa.
Inqubo
Kunomusa kakhulu ukubhekisela ku-FGM njengendlela yokuhlinzwa. Lezi zinyolo zivame ukwenziwa ngabasebenzi bendabuko ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia besebenzisa noma yiziphi izinsimbi ezingayithola. Lezi zigaba ezivela ezintiweni ezibukhali futhi zithwala ngezikhali kanye namapenknives. Amadivaysi awavamile ukuboleka phakathi kwabesifazane, okwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka eceleni kweminye imiphumela eyingozi.
Ezimweni zokukhungatheka, imilenze yentombazane ingase ishiywe ndawonye emasontweni amabili kuya kwangu-6 ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda. Uma usuphulukisa ushiywe ungqimba olungenalutho olwenziwe lukhuni phakathi kwemilenze yakhe. Kukhona ukuvulwa okuncane kuphela ngezansi ukukhululwa komchamo nokuhamba esikhathini.
Lokhu kuvulwa ngezinye izikhathi kuncane kakhulu ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi ngempumelelo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingafakwa ngommese noma enye into eseduze.
Lapho ukukhubazeka kuyindlela evamile, uma ukuvulwa kuba mkhulu kakhulu emva kokulethwa kwesisu noma ezinye izimo, lokho kuyinkinga. Owesifazane kungenzeka empeleni angene kabusha ukuze abuyisele usayizi omncane wokuvulwa kwangempela.
Imiphumela Yomzimba Nokwengqondo
Ukugujwa komzimba kuvame ukuqhutshwa uma abesifazane beseneminyaka engama-4 no-10 ubudala. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka kusukela esemncane nasekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhulelwa kokuqala.
Kuye ngokuthi izinga le-mutilation lingaba nemiphumela emibi engokwengqondo nengokwenyama. Imiphumela engavumelekile yomzimba ye-FGM ihlanganisa:
- Ukusuka okungalawuleki
- Ukulimala ku-urethra nesinye
- Ukwelashwa kwe-Urinary nokugcina
- Amathambo aphukile ekhanda nasemilenzeni lapho abesifazane bevinjelwe khona ngenkathi behluleka
- Ukutheleleka kwesistimu
- Ukungenzi lutho
- Feath
Imiphumela yengqondo ihlanganisa:
- Ukuthumela ukucindezeleka kokucindezeleka okuthunyelwe
- Ukukhathazeka
- Ukucindezeleka
- Ukwesaba ubulili (njengoba kuhloswe)
I-FGM Ngaphandle kwe-Afrika
Njengoba ukuhamba kwezwe kuphenduka amaphethini okuhamba ngokuqondile nokufuduka, i-FGM ishintshile. Kwakuyinkinga enkulukazi yase-Afrika. Manje yiyona ethinta amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Izizwe zaseNtshonalanga, ngokuvamile, zinamathuba amabili okuhlangenwe nakho kwezomthetho ne-FGM. Kukhona ababaleki abafuna ukukhoseliswa ukuba baphunyuke kuwo kanye nabafuduki abafuna ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho ukukwenza. Amazwe amaningi enza konke okusemandleni abo ukuhlonipha izinkolelo nezenkolo zabangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuvumelana okukhulayo ukuthi i-FGM iwukwephulwa okungamukelekile kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe ayanda ukunquma ukuthi ukuhlonipha lolu hlobo lwemikhuba yamasiko akulungile.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha nokuziphatha
I-United States yalahla umkhuba we-FGM ngo-1997. Izizwe ezimbalwa zaseYurophu ziye zashushisa ochwepheshe bezokwelapha ekwenzeni i-FGM. Lokhu kuye kwaholela engxoxweni eyithakazelisayo. Uma abazali bezokuthola indlela yokuthi amadodakazi abo aphethwe ngayo, mhlawumbe abathumele eholidini emazweni abo ukuze kwenziwe inqubo, kungaba ngcono yini ukuvumela lo mkhuba ukuba wenziwe ngokuphepha kwesikhungo samanje sezokwelapha ? Lokho kunganciphisa ingozi yezinkinga ezingalindelekile nokutheleleka?
Abanye odokotela bathole ukuthi ukunqotshwa okungokomfanekiso kwe-clitoris, noma okuncane okwenziwe ngezitho zangasese, kuyisimo esamukelekayo se-FGM eningi emiphakathini ethile. Lapho ukudluliswa kwegazi kuyimfuneko kuphela, inqubo eyenziwa udokotela ingenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia futhi ilungiswe ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulimala ngokomzimba noma kwengqondo engapheli kwengane. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano eziningi zezokwelapha zaseNtshonalanga zivimbela abasebenza nabo ukuba bahlanganyele kunoma iyiphi inqubo engadingekile ephathelene nezitho zangasese. Izizathu zaleso simiso zicacile. Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu baye baphikisana ukuthi kulokhu icala ukuziphatha kwe-Western kanye nokuziphatha kutholakala ngendlela yenhlalakahle yengane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngoba izinqubo ezingokomfanekiso zingaphansi kakhulu kunokwesokwa kwabesilisa .
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kobubele bokuzithandela
Ngisho nalapho izingxabano ezizungeze ukuhlukumeza ngokobulili besifazane zikhula, futhi lo mkhuba uba wamukelekile, ukuvuselelwa ngokobulili ngokuzithandela kuya ngokuya ngokwengeziwe. Abesifazane bafuna ukuphinda bahlakulele ama-genitalia abo wangaphandle ukuze babanike ukubukeka 'okuhlanzekile,' ne-labia efihliwe yangaphakathi kanye nama-labi angaphandle angabonakala kumagazini. Empeleni, kungumagazini we-girly okwenze ukuba abesifazane bakhathazeke ngokubukeka kwabo ngokocansi. Abesifazane bayatshelwa ukuthi ukulinganisa kwe-airbrushed nokuntuleka kokuhluka yilokho abantu abakubona bebanhle futhi bafuna ukushintsha imizimba yabo ukufanisa. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abesifazane abaningi abahlinzwa kulokhu baye baxoxwa kuwo ngabalingani babo abafuna ukubukeka kwefomethi ye-Playboy eseduze kwabo embhedeni.
Ukuhlinzeka nge-plastic genital kungabandakanya ukuqina kokuvula kwesisu, noma ngemuva kokubeletha noma ukuhlala nomlingani obuncane besilisa. Idatha ingqubuzana nokho, lokhu kungokwenyusa ukuzijabulisa ngokobulili ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokuhlinza yonakalisa izinzwa nemisipha futhi ingabangela ukonakala kwendawo. Lokhu kuvuselelwa kwesiswini akuyona inqubo entsha. Abesifazane baye baba ne-tucks ukuze baqine ama-vaginas emva kokubeletha iminyaka eminingi.
Ububele bebelokhu bube yimpahla yamasiko yabesifazane, futhi ngisho nasekhulwini lama-21 kancane lishintshile. Ukuzijabulisa kokuzijabulisa kwe-hymen, isibonelo, kukhula ekuthandweni njengenqubo yokukhetha emhlabeni jikelele. Ngesikhathi isizinda sabesifazane baseMpumalanga Ephakathi sengozini enkulu uma kungabonakali ukulala embhede wabo womshado (Njengoba i-hymen ingalimaza ngezindlela ezingezona ezocansi, i-hymenoplasty ingavimbela abesifazane ukuba bangaphathiswa kabi ngenxa yokungabi nobuntombi. ), manje sekuba umkhuba wemfashini. Abesifazane bakhetha njengesipho kubayeni babo, noma ukudukisa oshade naye ozayo. Ngokusobala, ukubukeka kokuhlanzeka akufaneleki nje ukuhlinzwa okukhulu kuphela kodwa futhi ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kocansi ngesilinganiso esingenakubalwa ubuhlungu.
Lezi zinqubo zokuzithandela zithinta kanjani ukwesaba kwezinsikazi zesisu? E-Sweden, umthetho owenzelwe ukuvimbela okwesibili ube nemiphumela engalindelekile yokuphinde ibenze ubugebengu bokuqala. Ukufaniswa okungenasisekelo kwezinqubo kuye kwaholela abanye ososayensi ukuthi bangaziphendulela ukuthi ukuvikeleka kwabantwana abahluphekayo base-Afrika ngenkathi bavumela abesifazane abacebile baseNtshonalanga ukuthi bakhethe inqubo efanayo, empeleni bahlaliswe ngokobuhlanga.
Lokhu kubonakala kubi ngokweqile, kodwa kubonakala kunengqondo ukubuza ukuthi uma abesifazane bevuma ukwenza umkhuba we-FGM kufanele kusavunyelwe. Impikiswano ivame ukuthi yenziwe isimo samasiko abo ukuze bacabange ukuthi inqubo iyadingeka kubo, noma amadodakazi abo, kodwa iningi labesifazane abakhetha ukubhekana ne-labioplasty nabo baphendula ekucindezelekeni komphakathi. Yebo, abesifazane abahlinzwa ngokuzithandela bazama ukwandisa izimpilo zabo zobulili kunokuba babalimaze, kodwa abesifazane ababhekana ne-FGM baqinisa ubudlelwane babo bomndeni, okungenzeka ukuthi bacabange ngokubaluleke kakhulu.
Kukhona abesifazane abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-130 emhlabeni abakulimaza ngokungenakuphikiswa yi-FGM, abazwa ubuhlungu obungokwenyama nangokomzwelo, futhi kuyamahloni ukuthi ukungabi namsebenzi kuye kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuphazamisa ukulahlwa komkhuba obungozi kakhulu abesifazane. Ohulumeni emhlabeni jikelele baye basola i-FGM ngesizathu esihle, ukuze bavikele amantombazane nabesifazane abahlali babo abasengozini kakhulu, futhi amaqembu okuxhumana aqhubeka ezama ukuthola izindlela zokusiza abantu abakholelwa kulo mkhuba bathole okunye okuyingozi. Kuhlala kuwumthwalo wabantu ngabanye kanye nohulumeni ukucacisa indlela yokudweba umugqa phakathi kwenhlonipho nokuvikelwa, ngisho noma kungase kube yizindleko zokuzikhethela.
> Imithombo:
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> Hearst AA, AM Molnar. Ukunqunjelwa ngokobulili: indlela yokusekela ubufakazi ekuphathweni kwemitholampilo yodokotela oyinhloko. I-Mayo Clin Proc. 2013 Jun; 88 (6): 618-29. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.mayocp.2013.04.004.
> Muthumbi J, uSvanemyr J, Scolaro E, Temmerman M, Say L. Owesifazane obelethwe ngokobulili: Ukubuyekezwa Kwezincwadi Zendawo Yamanje Yomthetho Nezinqubomgomo emazweni angu-27 ase-Afrika naseYemen. Afr J Health Reprod. 2015 Sep; 19 (3): 32-40.
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