Ukuvuvukala kwenzeka phambi kwe-agent, ukutheleleka, noma umcimbi ongalimaza umzimba. Nge- HIV ngokuqondile, kuyinkinga ebucayi kakhulu uma isimo sinesizathu kanye nomphumela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvuvukala kwenzeka njengempendulo eqondile ekutheleleni kwe-HIV ngokwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvuvukala okungapheli-okuphikelela ngisho nalapho umuntu enesandulela-ngculazi-kungabangela ukulimala kwamangqamuzana namashukela ajwayelekile angahloselwe i-HIV.
Kuyinto yokudoba-22 eqhubeka nokuphazamisa ososayensi futhi inselele abantu abaphila nalesi sifo.
Ukuvuvukala kuchazwe
Ukuvuvukala kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo ezenzeka ekuphenduleni i-pathogen (njengegciwane, amabhaktheriya, noma ama-parasite), kanye nokwehliswa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi noma ukulimala. Kuyisici somzimba wokuvikela omzimba , ohlose ukulungisa amangqamuzana awonakele futhi abuyisele umzimba esimweni sawo esivamile, esinempilo.
Uma ukutheleleka noma ukuhlukumezeka kwenzeka, umzimba uphendula ngokuhlanza isitsha esincane segazi ukuze ukwandise kokubili ukunikezwa kwegazi kanye nokukhubazeka kwezicubu zomzimba. Lokhu, kubangela ukuthi izicubu zivule, zivumele igazi kanye namaseli amhlophe evikela amhlophe ukuba agijimele. La maseli (okuthiwa i-neutrophils nama-monocytes) azungeze futhi abulale noma yiliphi i-agent engaphandle, ngemuva kwalokho avumela inqubo yokuphulukisa iqale.
Ngezinye izikhathi ukuvuvukala kungenziwa endaweni, njengoba kwenzeka nge-cut noma insect bite.
Ngezinye izikhathi, kungenziwa jikelele futhi kuthinte wonke umzimba, njengoba kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokutheleleka noma ezinye izidakamizwa izidakamizwa.
Ukuvuvukala kuvame ukuhlukaniswa njengokungathi kuyingozi noma kungavamile. Ukuvuvukala okunzima kubonakala ngokusheshisa okusheshayo nesikhathi esifushane. Ngesandulela ngculaza, isibonelo, ukutheleleka okusha kungabangela ukuphendula okumangalisayo, okuvame ukuholela ekutheni i-lymph nodes evuvukale, izimpawu ezinjenge-flu, nokuqhwaza komzimba wonke.
Ngokuphambene, ukuvuvukala okungapheli kuyaqhubeka isikhathi eside. Nalapha, sibona lokhu nge-HIV, lapho izimpawu ezinzima zixazulula kodwa ukutheleleka okuyisisekelo kuhlala. Ngisho noma kungase kube khona ambalwa, uma kukhona, izimpawu phakathi nalesi sigaba esingapheli sokutheleleka, umzimba uzoqhubeka nokuphendula ukutholakala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ngesibindi sokuqhubeka nokuvuvukala phansi.
Kuningi Okuhle Okuhle?
Ukuvuvukala kuyinto evamile. Kodwa uma ihamba ingavinjelwe, ingakwazi ukuguqula umzimba ngokwawo futhi ithole umonakalo omkhulu. Izizathu zalokhu kokubili zilula futhi hhayi-ezilula.
Ngombono obala, ukutholakala kwanoma iyiphi i-pathogen kuyoshukumisa impendulo yomzimba, ngenhloso yokukhomba nokubulala i-agent yangaphandle. Phakathi nale nqubo, amaseli avamile angalimaza noma abhujiswe. Uma inqubo ivunyelwe ukuqhubeka ingasebenzi, njengoba kwenzeka nge-HIV, ingcindezi yokuvuvukala efakwe kumaseli aqala ukukhuphuka.
Okubi nakakhulu, ngisho nalapho umuntu efakwe ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral ngokugcwele, kuyodingeka kube nokuvuvukala kwezinga eliphansi ngoba nje igciwane likhona. Futhi nakuba lokhu kungase kusiphakamise ukuthi ukuvuvukala kuncane kwenkinga ngalesi sigaba, akusiyo njalo icala.
Ucwaningo lwamuva lwabaphathi be- HIV abakhulu (abantu abakwazi ukuvimbela igciwane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa) babonisa ukuthi, naphezu kokuzuzwa kokulawulwa kwemvelo, kwaba khona ingozi enkulu engama-77% yokugonywa esibhedlela ngenxa yezifo zenhliziyo nezinye izifo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphathwa , abalawuli abangewona abalingani.
Ukuthi izigaba ezifanayo zezifo zabonwa kulabo abangaqondanga, abangabanikazi abalinganiselwe basikisela kakhulu ukuthi impendulo yomzimba ku-HIV ingabangela imiphumela eminingi yesikhathi eside njengalesi sifo ngokwaso.
Lokho esikubonayo kubantu abanezifo zesikhathi eside ngezinye izikhathi kushintsho olujulile kwisakhiwo samaselula, kuze kube yilapho ukuhlaselwa kwe-genetic coding. Lezi zinguquko zihambisana nalabo ababonayo asebekhulile, lapho amangqamuzana engakwazi khona ukuphindaphinda futhi aqale ukuzwa lokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-apoptosis yangaphambi kwesikhathi (ukufa kwangaphambili kweselula). Lokhu, kuhambisana nokukhula kwezinga lesifo senhliziyo, amakhemikhali, izinkinga zezinso, ukuwohloka komqondo, nezinye izifo ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokudala.
Empeleni, ukuvuvukala okungapheli, ngisho namazinga aphansi, kungakwazi "ukuguga" umzimba ngaphambi kwesikhathi saso , ngokuvamile ngokuyiminyaka engaba ngu-10 kuya kwengu-15.
Isixhumanisi Esiyinkimbinkimbi Phakathi Kokuvutha Nokugula
Ngesikhathi abacwaningi basalokhu behluleka ukuqonda izindlela ezibangelwa lezi zenzakalo ezimbi, izifundo eziningi ziye zisikhanyisela ngokuphathelene nomphakathi phakathi kokuvuvukala okungapheli nokugula.
Okuyinhloko phakathi kwalezi kwakuyizinqubo zokuphathwa kwe-Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART), okuqhathanisa umthelela wokuthola ukwelashwa kokuqala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza nokuphikisana nokuphuza. Esinye sezizinto ososayensi abazitholile ukuthi, ngemva kokuqala ukwelashwa, izimpawu zokuvuvukala egazini ziyeke kodwa azange zibe emazingeni abonakala kubantu abangenayo i-HIV. Ukuvuvukala okuqhubekayo kwahlala ngisho nalapho ukucindezelwa kwamagciwane kutholakala , amazinga awo ahambisana namazinga akhula we-arteriosclerosis (ukuqina kobuchopho) nezinye izifo zenhliziyo.
Ucwaningo oluthile oluvela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eSan Francisco luphinde lwabonisa ukuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kobuningi bezindonga ezithinta abantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kanye namazinga amangqamuzana avuthayo egazini labo. Ngenkathi abantu abanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi bephethe izindonga ezincane kanye namamaki amancane okuvuvukala uma kuqhathaniswa nomlingani ongaphenduliwe, akafinyelelanga nobukhulu obujwayelekile bokubheka obubonakalayo kubantu jikelele.
Ukuvuvukala okungapheli kubonakala kunomthelela ofanayo ezintsheni, ngezinga elengeziwe le-fibrosis (ukubhuka) nokukhubazeka kwezinso, kanye nesibindi, ubuchopho, nezinye izinhlelo zesitho.
Ukuvuvukala Okungapheli Nokulindela Ukuphila
Njengoba kunikezwe ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvuvukala okungapheli kanye nezifo ezihlobene nokuguga, ingabe kuhle ukukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila singathinteka kubantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza?
Akunjalo ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, siyazi ukuthi oneminyaka engu-20 ubudala onokwelashwa kwe-HIV manje angalindela ukuba aphile eminyakeni yakhe engama-70s, ngokusho kocwaningo oluvela eNyakatho Melika le-AIDS Cohort Cooperation on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD).
Ngalokho kuthiwa, izimpilweni zokuphila zinganciphisa kakhulu ngenxa yalezi zifo ezingenalo i-HIV. Ukuvuvukala kuyisisusa esiyinhloko, njengoba kunesimo sokwelashwa , ukulawulwa kwegciwane , umlando womndeni, nokukhetha kokuphila (kufaka phakathi ukubhema , utshwala nokudla).
Iqiniso eliwukuthi: Ukuvuvukala kuhlanganiswe ngandlela-thile ukuze kwenzeke yonke into embi engenzeka emizimbeni yethu. Futhi ngenkathi abantu abane-HIV bephila isikhathi eside futhi bebhekene nezifo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezithandanayo kunanini ngaphambili, basenamazinga aphakeme wezinhliziyo zenhliziyo namagciwane angenayo i-HIV kunabantu abaningi.
Ngokuqala ukwelashwa ekuqaleni, ukuwuthatha ngokuqhubekayo , nokuphila impilo engcono kakhulu yokuphila, eziningi zalezi zingozi zinganciphisa noma zishintshwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi banethemba lokuqhubeka nalezi zinhloso ngokuthola izindlela zokubamba ukuphendula komzimba ngokuvikela kangcono ukucindezeleka kwesikhathi eside sokuvuvukala.
> Imithombo:
> Amahloni, uStracy, R. noDeeuk, D. "Imiphumela Eyisisindo Sokuvuvukala Kwezempilo ngesikhathi sokugula okungenayo i-HIV." Ukungakhulelwe. Mashi 17, 2013; 39 (4): 633-645.
> Crowell, T. Gebo, K. Blankson, J. et al. "Izindleko zezibhedlela nezizathu ze-HIV Elite Controller nabantu abane-HIV elawulwa ngamademeshe." Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Emitholampilo. Disemba 15, 2014; doi: 10.1093 / infdis / jiu809.
> Duprez, D. Neuhaus, J. Kuller, uL. et al. "Ukuvuvukala, ukuqubuzana kanye nezifo zenhliziyo ezithintekayo kubantu abane-HIV" PLOS One. Septemba 10, 2012; I-DOI: 10/1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0044454.
> Hogg, R. Althoff, K. Samji, H. et al. "Ukuvala i-Gap: Ukwandisa esikhathini sokuphila phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo abane-HIV e-United States naseCanada, 2000-2007." I-7th International AIDS Society (IAS) Ingqungquthela yePathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. I-Kuala Lumpur, e-Malaysia. Juni 30-Julayi 3, 2013; Abstract TUPE260.