Ukuqonda uhlelo lwe-Immune System

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Ukuqonda Impendulo Yomzimba Omzimba

Ngomsebenzi wokuvimbela, ukulawula, noma ukuqeda izifo, isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba sinendima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Njengenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezitho ezikhethekile namaseli, amasosha omzimba avikela umzimba ngokuhlukanisa amangqamuzana ajwayelekile nezicubu ezivela kunoma imuphi uhlobo noma izinto eziphilayo ezibhekwa ngaphandle.

Uma isimiso somzimba sokuvikela omzimba sibona okuthile njenge-agent yangaphandle, sizofaka impendulo yomzimba. Lawa ma-agent angachazwa ngokubanzi njengama-antigens noma ama-allergen.

• I-antigen ingaba ibhaktheriya, isikhunta, igciwane, ama-parasite, i-toxin, noma izinto zangaphandle. Isivikelo somzimba sokuzivikela sigcina i-antigen yizici eziphawulekayo ezibangela ukuphendula komzimba. Inhloso yempendulo yegciwane lengculaza iwukwehlisa i-antigen.
• I- allergen , ngokuphambene, yinto engenabungozi, njenge-cat dander noma i-ragweed impova, ukuthi umzimba ubheka njenge-antigen. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisusa impendulo esiyibhekisela ekuphenduleni.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezingakacaciswanga ngokugcwele, isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba ngezinye izikhathi singaziqondi ukuthi amangqamuzana awo angaphandle futhi siphakamise ukuphendula komzimba. Sibhekisela kulokhu njengesifo esizimele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-psoriasis, i-rheumatoid arthritis, i-lupus, noma i-type 1 yesifo sikashukela.

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I-Anatomy ye-Immune System

Isivikelo somzimba sinezifo ezihlukahlukene, izigulane, nezicubu ezisekela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwakho. Lokhu kufaka:

• Umnkantsha we-bone lapho kutholakala khona wonke igazi namaseli omzimba omzimba.
• I- thymus gland , etholakala ngemuva kwesifuba ibandakanyeka ekuvuthweni kwamaseli athile evikela igazi.
• Ama-lymph nodes , ahlanganiswe kuwo wonke umzimba, ahlinzeke ngamasosha omzimba ahlukahlukene ukuze aqalise impendulo ye-immune ephumelelayo.
• I- spleen iqukethe izicubu ze-lymphoid ezenza futhi zivuselele amangqamuzana egazi namasosha omzimba.
• Uhlelo lymphatic ngumgwaqo omkhulu phakathi kwezicubu nezitho ezithwala i-lymph, i-fluid engenambala egcwele amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi.

Lezi zimboni nazo ziyisihluthulelo ekukhiqizeni i-lymphocytes, amaseli egazi amhlophe asebenza njengabaphenduli bokuqala noma kunini lapho ulimala noma egula.

Amakilasi amabili amakhulu ama-lymphocytes angama-B-amangqamuzana nama-T-cell. B-amangqamuzana asele emnothweni we-bone ukuvuthwa, kanti ama-T-cell aya e-thymus ukuze aqede ukuvuthwa kwawo. Uma usuvuthiwe, ama-B-amaseli namaseli ase-T asebenzisa isimiso segazi ne-lymphatic ukuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kuwo wonke umzimba.

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Izinhlobo Zokuzimela Ngomzimba

Lapho kukhona noma iyiphi i-agent edala isifo (i-pathogen), isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela mzimba ngeke senze esinye sezimpendulo zomzimba ezihlukene

• Impendulo yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ibhekwa njengesihlasela sokuqala emgqeni kunoma yikuphi ukwesaba okujwayelekile, njengegciwane noma amabhaktheriya. Kuyinto engafanele ngoba ihlale ikhona, ihlale ifana, njalo isebenzisa amaseli afanayo okuvikela.
• Impendulo ye-immune eguquguqukayo yilapho isimiso somzimba sokuvikela omzimba, lapho siqaphela i-pathogen, sakha amaseli athile ukuze aqondise futhi alulame leyo pathogen. Ngakho-ke, isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba siyavumelana ne-pathogen ngayinye entsha.

Ukusabela okuguquguqukayo kuxhomeke kuzo zombili ama-B namaseli no-T.Amaseli ase-B asebenza ngokuqaphela izinto ze-antigen nezifihlayo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies "atha" i-pathogen. Amaseli e-T abese elandela ngokukhomba "i-tagged" ye-pathogen yokubhujiswa.

I-subset ye-B-amaseli namaseli we-T abizwe ngokuthi imemori B-amaseli namaseli e-T. Lezi zikhonza njengabathunywa be-immune, "ukukhumbula" ama-antigens nokudala impendulo uma i-antigen iqala ukuvela.

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Ukuxhumanisa Ukuphendula Nge-Immune

Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwamasosha omzimba kuqondiswa ingxenye enkulu yemiyalezo yamakhemikhali. Lawa makhemikhali, okuthiwa i- cytokines , akhiqizwa ububanzi obuningi bama cell immune ekuphenduleni ukuziphatha kwamaseli azungezile.

Uma kukhishwe, ama-cytokines aqala amanye amangqamuzana omzimba ukuze asebenze noma angenzi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, akugcini nje ngokuqondisa ukuhamba kwe-cell kanye nokuziphatha, balawula ukukhula nokuphendula kwezibalo ezithile (kufaka phakathi amaseli egazi avikelayo nalabo abathintekayo ukukhanda izicubu).

Ama-Cytokines afana ngezindlela eziningi kuma-hormone. Kodwa, ngokungafani nalawo ma-cell molecule, ama-cytokines ahilelekile ekwenzeni indlela yokuzivikela yomzimba igxile. Ama-hormone, ngokuphambene, ngokuyinhloko alawula i-physiology nokuziphatha.

Ama-Cytokines abalulekile empilweni nasezifo, ekuphenduleni ukutheleleka, ukuvuvukala, ukuhlukunyezwa, isisu, umdlavuza, ngisho nezigaba zokukhiqiza.

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Indima ye-Antibodies

I-antibody, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-immunoglobin, i-protein efana no-Y eyakhiwe yi-B-amangqamuzana enamandla okuthola izifo. Izeluleko ezimbili ze- "Y" ziyakwazi ukufaka isilwane noma i-cell ye-pathogen noma isifo esinegciwane bese uyiphawula ngokungahambisani ne-neutralize ngeyodwa yezindlela ezintathu:

• Ukuvimbela i-pathogen ukungena esitokisini esinempilo
• Ukusayina amanye amaprotheni ukuzungeza nokudla umhlaseli ngenqubo ebizwa nge-phagocytosis
• Ukubulala i-pathogen ngokwayo

Ama-antibodies adluliselwa kusuka kumama kuya kumntanami ngokusebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukugoma. Lapho ebeletha, ingane izoqala ukuzimela ngokuzimela i-antibodies, uma isabela ku-antigen ethize (i-immune response) noma njengengxenye yempendulo yomzimba yomzimba (isandulela ngculaza).

Abantu bakwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-antibodies, ngalinye elibhekiswe ku-antigen ethize. Indawo yokubopha e-antigen, ebizwa ngokuthi i-paratope, igxila kwisayithi ehambisanayo kwi-antigen ebizwa ngokuthi i-epitope. Ukuhluka okuphezulu kwe-paratope kuvumela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sikwazi ukubona uhlobo olunezinhlobo zama-antigen.

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Ukuqonda ukungezwani komzimba

Ukunciphisa umzimba kubangelwa lapho isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela somuntu sithinta izinto ezingenabungozi kwabanye. Sibhekisela kulezi zinto njengama-allergen. Nakuba sivame ukuhlanganisa ukungezwani komzimba ne- hay fever kanye ne-pollen, ukungezwani komzimba kungabangela yinoma iyiphi inamba yezifo ezibandakanya imithi, ukudla, amakhemikhali, i-latex, insimbi, ngisho nokushisa kwelanga.

Ukusabela okwe-allergen kwenzeka lapho umzimba wakho ukhiqiza ama-antibodies, ikakhulukazi i-immunoglobulin E (IgE), ngokuphendula okuthile okubonakala kuyingozi. I-antibody ibophezela ku-allergen nakweyodwa yamaseli amabili amhlophe egazi (amangqamuzana omzimba ahlala emathisini noma ama-basophil ahanjiswe ngokukhululekile egazini), okubangela ukukhululwa kwezinto ezivuthayo ezibizwa ngokuthi i- histamines . Le mpendulo engaqondakali ingabonakala nge:

• Izimpawu zokuphefumula ezifana nokukhipha, ukushaya, ukuphumula, ukubukeka kwamehlo, ukuphefumula nokuphefumula, okuvame ukuwumphumela wokucasula umoya
• Izimpawu zomzimba ezifana nobuhlungu besisu, ukubhubhisa, ukuhlanza, nokuhuda, okuhlobene nokudla okubangelwa ukudla
• Izimpawu ze-dermatological ezifana nokuqhaqhazela, ukuvuthwa komkhuhlane, ukushisa komkhuhlane nokushisa, okubangelwa yizinto zonke ezivela emithini yemithi nokulunywa kwezinambuzane ukuxhumana nezinto eziphilayo noma eziphilayo

Kwezinye izimo, umuntu angase abe nesifo esongela ukuphila, wonke umzimba ophendulayo ongazizwa obizwa nge-anaphylaxis. Izimpawu zihlanganisa imifuba enamandla, ukuvuvukala ebusweni, ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo eliphuthumayo noma elincane, isizungu, ukuphelelwa amandla, ukudideka nokushaqeka.

Ukwelashwa okuncane kunesifo esivame ukuphathwa ngama-antihistamine, kanti ukusabela okungathí sina kungadinga umjovo we- epinephrine .

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Izimbangela Zezifo Ezizimele

Ngenhliziyo yayo, isifo esizimele siwukuthi umzimba wokuvikela umzimba ugijima u-amok, ukuhlasela amangqamuzana avamile namathissi abheka njengokulimaza. Kuyinto isimo esingaziqondi ngokugcwele, kodwa ucwaningo luveza ukuthi izici eziningi zidlala ingxenye (kufaka phakathi izakhi zofuzo, amagciwane, nokutholakala kwegazi).

Uma isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela somzimba singasebenzi, sizokhulula i-lymphocyte evikelayo futhi okuthiwa yi- autoantibodies eqondisa amaseli ezinhlangothini ezahlukene zomzimba. Le mpendulo engalungile, ebizwa ngokuthi ukusabela okuzenzakalelayo, ingabangela ukuvuvukala nokulimala komzimba.

Ukuzibulala ngokuzenzakalelayo akuvamile. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-80 zesifo esinezibonakaliso ezivela komnene kuya ezinzima. Ezinye zezinto ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• Lupus
• I-rheumatoid arthritis
• I-Psoriasis
• Scleroderma
• Isifo se-Celiac
• Isifo sikaCrohn
• I-colcer ulcerative
• Sjogren's syndrome
• Isifo esithinta izicubu
• I-Vasculitis

Ukwelapha kuyahlukahluka yi-disorder kodwa kungabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwe-corticosteroids, imithi yokuvimbela ukuzivikela, imithi elwa nomdlavuza, ne- plasmapheresis (i-plasma dialysis).

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Ukuqonda Ukungena Emzimbeni kanye Nemigomo

Imishanguzo yizinto, eziphilayo noma ezenziwe ngabantu, ezitholwa emzimbeni ukuze ziphendule izimpendulo zomzimba. Inhloso yomgomo ukuvimbela isifo (umuthi wokugoma we-prophylactic), ukulawula isifo (umuthi wokugoma), noma ukuqeda isifo (umgomo wokugoma).

Imishanguzo isetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa izikhala emkhunjini womuntu, kungenxa yokuthi umuntu angakabonakali ku-pathogen (njengengcindezi yaminyaka yonke yomkhuhlane) noma i-pathogen ibeka ingozi enkulu engozini yempilo ukuthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela singakwazi ukulawula ngokugcwele (njengezifo i- herpes zoster virus edala izibungu).

Phakathi kwezinqubo ezahlukene zokuklama umgomo:

• Imishanguzo ephikisiwe ephila yenziwa ngegciwane eliphilayo, elikhubazekile (futhi ngezinye izikhathi amagciwane) angeke akhiphe umonakalo kodwa kungabangela ukuthi kube nokuphendula komzimba. Izimpukane, izimpumputhe, isikhukhukazi sezinkukhu kanye ne-polio yizinye zezibonelo zemigomo ephilayo.
• Imishanguzo engasebenziyo isebenzisa ama-virus "abulawe", ama-bacteria, noma amanye ama-pathogens ukuze avuselele impendulo yomzimba. Umkhuhlane, i-hepatitis A, ne-rabies yizibonelo zemithi yokugoma engasebenzi.
• I-subunit vaccines isebenzisa kuphela isigaba se-pathogen ukuqala ukuphendula komzimba. Kokubili i-hepatitis B ne-papillomavirus yabantu (i-HPV) yizibonelo zemithi yokugoma.
• Imithi yokugoma i-Toxoid yenziwe ngamakhemikhali angasebenzi kahle angenalutho emzimbeni kodwa avuselele impendulo yomzimba. Imithi ye-tetanus ne-diphtheria ikhiqizwa ngale ndlela.
• Imishanguzo ye-DNA yilapho i-DNA eguqulwayo efakwe ku-vector (njengegciwane elivinjelwe noma amabhaktheriya). I-vector ijojelwa emzimbeni lapho ibambelela khona ekubhekeleni amaseli futhi "iphinde ikhiqize" ukuze ikhiqize ama-antibodies ethize.

> Umthombo:

> Rich, R .; I-Fleischer, T .; Shearer, W .; et al. (2012) Immunology Clinical (4th Edition). I-New York: Isayensi ye-Elsevier.