Izingozi, Izimpawu, nezimpawu zesimo se-Thyroid
I-thyroid, i-butterfly enjenge-butterfly ehlezi entanyeni yakho, iyinkosi yakho yokugaya umzimba. Uma i-thyroid yakho ingasebenzi ingathinta zonke izici zempilo yakho, ikakhulukazi isisindo sakho, isayensi yezobuchopho (ukufaka isandla noma ukuholela ekucindezelekeni nasekukhathazeni), amazinga wezamandla, nempilo yenhliziyo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abaningi baseMelika abanamabhiliyoni angu-59 banenkinga ye -roid, kodwa iningi alikwazi okwamanje.
Kulabo abaye babonwa ukuthi, ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi izimpawu zakho ze-thyroid-kuhlanganise ne-thyroid engasebenzi (hypothyroidism) noma i-thyroid engapheli (i-hyperthyroidism) -kunzima ukuphoqa njengoba i- thyroid ixilonga ngokwayo. Kulabo abangakatholakali okwamanje, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izinkinga ze-thyroid ezingaphenduliwe zingakwandisa ingozi yokukhuluphala, isifo senhliziyo, ukungabi namntwana, kanye nezinye izimpawu nezinkinga zempilo.
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Indlela Ukuguquka Ngenkathi Nesimo Sokushisa kuthinta Umsebenzi Wegciwane
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Imindeni Ejwayelekile Yokhemikhali Ithinta I-Thyroid Kwabesifazane Abasha
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi utholakale noma ungatholakali, kungenzeka ukuthi awunayo yonke lezi zingozi, izibonakaliso noma izimpawu ze-thyroid. Kodwa ukuwaqaphela kubalulekile, futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa okufanele kanye nokuphathwa kahle kubalulekile.
Izingozi Zezifo Zegciwane Nezimo Ze-Thyroid
Ezinye zezici eziyinhloko eziyingozi ezifweni zegciwane zihlanganisa:
- Ubulili: Abesifazane babhekene nengozi enkulu yesifo segciwane kunamadoda
- Ubudala: Isifo se-thyroid sivame kakhulu njengoba sikhula, ikakhulukazi emva kwama-50 (kodwa singathinta abantu banoma yisiphi isikhathi)
- Ukuba nomlando womuntu siqu noma womndeni wesifo segciwane
- Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha konke noma ingxenye ye-thyroid
- Ukwelashwa kwe-iodine ablation (RAI)
- Okwamanje ukhulelwe noma ngonyaka wokuqala ngemuva kokubeletha
- Ukuba umbhema wamanje noma owake waqala
- Ukuvezwa kwamuva kwe-iodine kwinqubo yezokwelapha
- Ukuthatha i-iodine kumagciwane noma izithako
- Ukuhlala endaweni engenamkhawulo we-iodine
- Ukwelashwa okuhlukahlukene kanye nemithi
- Ukwenyuka kokudla okuluhlaza emndenini we-goitrogen, njengamahlumela aseBrussels, isipinashi, nesoya
- I-trauma noma ukuhlinzwa entanyeni
- Ukudonswa kwezidakamizwa, ngezokwelapha noma izingozi zenuzi
Kubalulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuthi umlando womuntu siqu noma womndeni kunoma yisiphi isifo esizimele sivuselela ingozi yesifo segciwane. Uma wena noma omunye wamalungu omndeni wakho ene-autoimmune isifo, kuhlanganise ne-Hashimoto's thyroiditis nesifo se-Graves, kufanele uqaphele ngokubuka izimpawu ze -roid.
Ezinye zezinye izimo eziziwayo ezizimele zihlanganisa izifo zesifo samathambo, i-lupus, isifo sofuba esibulalayo, i-multiple sclerosis, i-psoriasis, i-vitiligo, i-type 1 yesifo sikashukela, isifo sika-Addison, isifo sika-Cushing, isifo sika-Raynaud, isifo se-Sjogren, ne-alopecia.
Kunezimo ezingaphezu kwezingu-80 ezihlukanisiwe njengezizenzakalelayo.
Njengoba uzobona ngezansi, kunezimo ezihlukahlukene ze-thyroid ngezimpawu zombili ezigqamile neziyingqayizivele.
Ukuguquka kwe-Thyroid neyezintambo ezivame ukubhekana nezimo ze-Thyroid
Izimo ze-thyroid zivame ukubangela izimpawu endaweni yezintamo lapho i-thyroid yakho ikhona khona. Ezinye izimpawu ezihlobene nentamo ezingabhekisela ku-hypothyroidism, isifo sikaHashimoto, i-hyperthyroidism, isifo se-Graves, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-thyroiditis, nomdlavuza wegciwane kuhlanganisa:
- Intamo ekhulisiwe
- Ukwandiswa okubonakalayo emgodini wegciwane ngokwayo (goiter)
- Iphunga elibonakalayo noma elibonakalayo entanyeni yakho
- Ukuzwa ngesikhumba emqaleni wakho uma ugwinya
- Umphimbo obuhlungu
- Ubuhlungu noma ububele entanyeni
- Intamo yakho noma umphimbo uzizwa uzwela, futhi izibopho, ama-scarves, noma ama-turtlenecks azizwa ukhululekile
- Ubufakazi bokukhuphuka kwegazi kugijima kwi-thyroid, okutholakala yi-stethoscope
I-Hypothyroidism / Izifo ZaseHashimoto / Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Zezigijimi Ezisebenzayo
Izimpawu zomtholampilo ze-Hypothyroidism
Ngaphezu kwempawu zentanyeni ekhonjiwe ngenhla, kunezinye izibonakaliso zemitholampilo zesifo sikaHashimoto kanye ne- hypothyroidism ezingalinganiswa, ezitholakalayo, noma ezikhonjiswe ekuhlolweni komtholampilo noma nokuhlolwa nodokotela wakho.
Lezi zibonakaliso zomtholampilo ze-thyroid ezingasebenzi zifaka:
- I-pulse ephansi ngokungavamile
- Umfutho wegazi ophansi ngokweqile
- Ukushisa komzimba okungaphansi kokujwayelekile
- Izingqondo eziphansi noma ezilukhuni
- Ukuziqhenya ebusweni bakho, ikakhulukazi eduze kwamehlo akho
- Ukuphefumula noma ukuvuvukala kwezandla nezinyawo zakho (owaziwa ngokuthi i-edema)
- Ukulahlekelwa izinwele futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukulahlekelwa izinwele kusuka emaphethelweni angaphandle angaphandle kwamehlo akho, okuyisignali eyingqayizivele ye-hypothyroidism
- Amazinga aphezulu e-cholesterol awaphenduli emithini yokuphuza i-cholesterol noma izinguquko zokudla
- Ukuqothulwa okungapheli noma okunzima okungaphenduli ukwelashwa
Izimpawu ezivamile ze-Hypothyroidism
Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile ze-hypothyroidism zifaka:
- Ukukhathala / Amandla Aphansi: Uzizwa ugijima phansi, uvila futhi uphelile, ngisho nangemva kokulala okude.
- Izinguquko zemizwelo: Uzizwa ucindezelekile noma uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; unemizwa yokudabuka noma yokungabi nalutho; uzizwa ucindezelekile noma ukhululekile; imizwa yakho ishintsha kalula.
- Isisindo kanye ne-Metabolism: Uthola isisindo ngokungalindelekile, naphezu kokushintshwa kokudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca. Awukwazi ukunciphisa isisindo, noma ungase ube nokuthola isisindo ekudleni okunempilo, okuncishisiwe-khalori nokuzivocavoca okwandisiwe.
- Ukugxila nokukhumbula: Unayo "ubuchopho bobungqondo," ubunzima bokugxila, nokukhunjulwa ukukhumbula.
- Ukushisa komzimba: Uzwa ubanda lapho abanye bezwa beshisayo.
- Izinguquko Zezinwele: Izinwele zakho zinyene futhi zomile, ziphukile, ziphahlazeka, noma ziyawa.
- Izinguquko Zesikhumba: Isikhumba sakho sinamaqabunga, somile, si-scaly, futhi sinyene, ikakhulukazi izinyawo ezinyaweni zakho.
- Izinguquko Zezwi: Unayo izwi elihlabayo noma elibizayo.
- Ubuhlungu: Unezinhlungu nezinhlungu ezihlangene zakho, amahlombe, izandla, izinyawo, noma izimo ezihlobene nobuhlungu njengamahlombe afriziwe, i- carpal tunnel syndrome, i-tarsal tunnel syndrome, ne-fastaitis plantar.
- I-Sex Drayivu: Awunayo i-sex drive noma umshayeli wesondo ophansi.
- Ukunqoba / i-Apnea: Uvale kakhulu kamuva nje, noma usuhlakulele i-apnea yokulala.
- Izinguquko Zamehlo: Amehlo akho azizwa azwela, anomile futhi azwela ekukhanyeni.
I-Hypothyroidism Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Kwabesifazane
Kunezinye izimpawu ze-hypothyroidism ezihlukile kwabesifazane:
- Ukukhulelwa komntwana: I-Hypothyroidism ingabangela kokubili ukukhulelwa nokuqala kokuya esikhathini, kanye nokubambezeleka kokukhulelwa.
- Izinguquko zokuya esikhathini: Unezinkinga ezinkulu zokuya esikhathini, izikhathi ezinzima kakhulu zokuya esikhathini, noma imijikelezo engavamile yokuya esikhathini.
- Ukuzala / Ukukhulelwa: Unenkinga yokukhulelwa umntwana, umlando wezinkinga zokubeletha ezihlulekile ukusizwa, umlando wokukhulelwa kwesisu okuqhubekayo, ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha, kanye / noma izinkinga zokuncelisa.
- Ukumiswa kwesikhashana / Isikhathi sokunqamuka komzimba: Isikhathi sakho sokuqala siqala ekuqaleni kunokujwayelekile, unesimiso sangaphambili sokuqeda, noma unesimiso se-perimenopausal noma se-menopausal esibucayi kakhulu.
I-Hypothyroidism Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Ezinsana
Ezinye izimpawu ezikhethekile ze-hypothyroidism ezisanda kuzalwa zihlanganisa:
- Izwi eliphansi lemisipha
- Ukondla okuncane, ukwehluleka ukuthola isisindo
- Ukukhala okukhulu
I-Hypothyroidism Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Ezinganeni / Izinsana
Ezinye izimpawu ezikhethekile ze-hypothyroidism ezinganeni nasebancane zihlanganisa:
- Ukunciphisa izinga lokukhula, noma ukuphuza ukukhula
- Ukuvuthwa kwe-skeletal echelile
- Ukuqala noma ukubambezela ukukhulelwa
- Ukunciphisa amandla
- Kubonakala sengathi ikhubezekile noma ikhukhumele
- Ukuzuza isisindo ngaphandle kokudla okukhulu
- Ukuqokwa noma izitebe ezinzima
- Ukuwohloka kokubhala ngesandla
- Izinkinga zesikole
Izifo ze-Hyperthyroidism / Amathuna / Amagciwane Nezibonakaliso ezingaphezu Kakhulu
Izimpawu zomtholampilo ze-Hyperthyroidism
Kunezibonakaliso ezithile ezibonakalayo zezifo ze-Graves kanye ne- hyperthyroidism engalinganiswa, ebonwayo, noma etholakalayo ekuhlolweni komtholampilo ngudokotela wakho. Lezi zimpawu ze-thyroid ezingasebenzi kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- I-Goiter (i-thyroid ekhulisiwe)
- Ipulse ephakeme ngokungavamile
- Umfutho wegazi ophakeme ngokungavamile
- Fever
- Ukucabanga okusheshayo noma okungaqondile
- Ubufakazi bezinhliziyo zomzimba, izilinganiso zesigqi, noma i-fibrillation ye-atrial
- Amazinga we-cholesterol aphansi kakhulu
- Isifo sohudo esingapheli noma esinzima esingasabeli ekwelapheni
Izinguquko Zamehlo
Izinguquko emehlweni akho zivame kakhulu ku-hyperthyroidism naseGraves ', kodwa futhi kungenzeka ngenxa yesimo esihlobene, esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Graves' ophthalmopathy noma isifo segciwane lesosi. Izimpawu zihlanganisa:
- Amehlo akho azizwa azwela futhi asomile.
- Amehlo akho abomvu, omile, avuvukile, azikhukhumezi noma amanzi.
- Amehlo akho azwela ekukhanyeni.
- Umbono wakho ukhululekile.
- Unombono ophindwe kabili.
- Ama-Eyeballs akho abonakala e-bulging (proptosis); amehlo akho awahlanganiswa ngokuphelele lapho izinkophezelo zakho zivaliwe.
- "Ufihlekile," uma ijwabu leso elingenhla lingalandeli ukunyakaza okuphansi kwemehlo uma ubheka phansi.
Izimpawu ezivamile ze-Hyperthyroidism
Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile ze-hyperthyroidism ongazizwa zihlanganisa:
- Ukulala: Ungase ube nokulala, noma uthola kunzima ukulala noma ukulala.
- Ukukhathala / Amandla: Kwezinye izimo, i-hyperthyroidism ingenza uzizwe unamathele futhi unamandla okungajwayelekile, kodwa futhi kuvamile ukuba uzizwe uphelelwe amandla, ugijime phansi, ukhululekile futhi udinwe
- Ukushintsha kwemizwelo: Uzizwa ukhathazekile, ukhathazekile, uthukuthele, uthukuthele, noma ugxilile ngokungavamile. Ungase uzizwe kalula. Ungase uzizwe ucindezelekile noma uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, unemizwa yokudabuka noma engenamsebenzi, futhi imizwa yakho ishintsha kalula.
- Isisindo ne-Metabolism: Ungalindeli ngokungazelelwe, naphezu kokushintshwa kokudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca. Noma, isifiso sakho senyukile futhi udla okungaphezulu, kodwa awunayo isisindo.
- Ukugxila nokukhumbula: Unayo "ubuchopho bobungqondo," ubunzima bokugxila, nokukhunjulwa ukukhumbula.
- Ukushisa komzimba / ukuphuza: Uzwa ushisayo lapho abanye bezwa beshisa; uthuthumela futhi uzizwa unxile ngokwengeziwe.
- Izinguquko Zezinwele: Izinwele zakho ziyawa. Izinwele zakho zincipha noma zenze kahle.
- Izinguquko Zesikhumba: Uye wakhula isikhumba esibheke ngokungavamile futhi esincane. Uye wahlakulela imifantu. Unemivimbo engavamile noma izibhamu ezinjenge-blister ebunzini lakho nasebusweni (ama-milaria bumps). Unesicabucabu se-vein ubuso bakho nentamo yakho.
- Izinguquko Zezwi: Unayo izwi elihlabayo noma elibizayo.
- Ubuhlungu / Ubuthakathaka: Unama-aches nezinhlungu kumalungu akho, amahlombe, izandla, izinyawo, noma ubuthakathaka obuthakathaka obukhulu, ikakhulukazi ezingalweni zakho nasemilenzeni.
- I-Sex Drive: Ungase ube ne-sex drive engavamile ngokwedlulele, noma ungase ube nehlasi ku-drive yakho evamile yobulili.
- Ukuthuka / ukunyakaza: Unezithunjwa noma u-shakiness ezandleni zakho, noma ukunyakaza okuphezulu (ie, itafula, ukudlala izinyawo, ukunyakaza okunamandla); lokhu kuvame kakhulu kunabantwana.
- Iminwe / Izipikili: Unezinyosi ezivuvukala (acropachy) noma ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkuni ezivela embhedeni wakho ongaphansi kwe-nails (onycholysis noma izipikili zikaPlummer).
- Izinhlamvu: Unezilonda emagqabeni akho noma ama-patches wekhanda elinyene, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mythema pretibial noma i-dermopathy.
I-Hyperthyroidism Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Kwabesifazane
Kunezibonakaliso ezithile ze-hyperthyroidism ezihlukile kwabesifazane:
- Ukhulelwe kodwa ulahlekelwa isisindo.
- Usheshe ulahlekelwe isisindo ngemuva kokuba nosana.
- Ukhulelwe futhi uneziphuzo eziningi noma ukuhlanza.
- Unomlando wemijikelezo engavamile yokuya esikhathini, izinkathi ezinqamuke kakhulu, izinkathi ezimfishane nezikhanyayo, nezinkathi zesikhathi eside phakathi kwezikhathi.
- Unomlando wokungazalwa noma ukuthutha kwesisu okuphindaphindiwe.
I-Hyperthyroidism Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Ezinsaneni / Izingane / Izinsana
Ezinganeni, izingane, kanye nentsha, ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa:
- Ukumangaza okulula, ukuzuma
- Ukunakekelwa kokungaboni kahle ukugula (ADHD) -impawu zempawu
- Ukungabi namandla noma ukufutheka
- Ukuthuthumela ngezandla
- Ukunyakaza kwama-hyperkinetic njengokudubha ematafuleni, ukugubha umlenze, ukushaya izinyawo
- Ukuqeda ubusuku
- Ukubunzima ukuthola isisindo
- Isifiso esikhulu ngaphandle kokuzuza isisindo, noma ngokulahlekelwa isisindo
- Ukukhathazeka ukugxila nokusebenza kahle esikoleni
- Ukuphunga
- Izinkinga zokulala nokulala
- Ukuqapha okukhulu
I-Thyroiditis Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso
I-Thyroiditis ihlanganisa izimo ezihlukahlukene zesifo se-thyroid. Ezinye izimo ze-thyroiditis azikho izimpawu nakancane. Kukhona nezimo lapho i-thyroiditis isinciphisa noma isheshayo i-thyroid, ngakho-ke amaphethini wempawu afana nalawo a hypothyroidism noma hyperthyroidism njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla.
Ezinye izimpawu eziyingqayizivele ezitholakala ezinhlotsheni ezithile ze-thyroiditis zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
- Ukwandiswa kwe-thyroid (goiter)
- Ubuhlungu, ububele, noma ubuhlungu entanyeni noma emphinjeni
- Kunzima ukugwinya
- Fever
- Ama-lymph nodes ekhulisiwe eduze kwe-thyroid.
- Ukuthuthumela ngezwi lakho
Ifomu ye-thyroiditis eyaziwa ngokuthi i-thyroiditis enesifo esithathelwanayo ibonakala izimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu, kuhlanganise:
- Ukuqala kokuphuza kwentamo nobubele, ngokuvame ukuphela komunye entanyeni
- Ukuqala kobuhlungu kuhambisane nomkhuhlane, izikhukhula nezinye izimpawu zokutheleleka
- Ukukhulisa noma ubuningi entanyeni yakho; kungase "kuhanjiswe" ekuthinteni kwakho
Izimpawu Nezibonakaliso Zokuhamba Eziningi
I-goiter eminingi ihlanganisa ama-nodules amaningi, kanye nokwandiswa kwengubo ye-thyroid. Izimpawu zingafaka:
- isifo esivulekile, esinesisindo, esiqinile noma esizwakalayo entanyeni noma emphinjeni
- ubuhlungu noma ukucindezelwa entanyeni
- ukuthuthumela noma ukukhwehlela
- ubunzima bokugwinya noma ukuphefumula
- izinhliziyo ezinjengezinhliziyo
- ukulala
- ukukhathala
Izimpawu Nezifo Zomdlavuza Wegciwane
Umdlavuza we-Thyroid , ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwawo, ungase ungabangeli noma yiziphi izimpawu. Kodwa njengoba umdlavuza we-thyroid ukhula futhi ukhula, cishe kungabangela izimpawu zendawo emqaleni nasemqaleni. Ezinye izimpawu ezingase zikhomba umdlavuza wegciwane zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
- Isibungu noma i-nodule entanyeni, ikakhulukazi ngaphambili kwentanyeni endaweni ye-apple ka-Adam (Qaphela: Ngezinye izikhathi isikhumba noma amaqhubu angakhula masinyane.)
- Ukwandiswa kwentamo
- Ama-lymph nodes avuliwe noma avuvukile entanyeni
- Izinguquko ezwini lakho, kufaka phakathi ukuzwakalisa, ukukhahlela, nobunzima bokukhuluma
- Kunzima ukugwinya noma umuzwa wokuchofoza
- Ukuphefumula okunzima
- Ubuhlungu entanyeni noma emqaleni, kuhlanganise nobuhlungu obuvela entanyeni kuya ezindlebeni
- Ukuzwela entanyeni; ukungathandeki nge-neckties, ama-turtlenecks, ama-scarves, imigexo
- Ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo noma okungapheli akubangelwa ukwelashwa noma ukugula
- I-Asymmetry entanyeni yakho; Uhlangothi olulodwa lungaba lukhulu kunolunye
Izwi elivela
Enye yezinselele ekuxilongweni kwegciwane ukuthi izimpawu zakho ze-thyroid ziyahlangana futhi zivame kwezinye izinkinga eziningi. Lokhu kungabangela ukuba ungaqondakali kahle ngesinye isimo-mhlawumbe izimpawu zakho kuthiwa "zivamile ukuba nje usanala umntwana," isibonelo-ngaphandle kokuphenywa ngokucophelela, ukuxilongwa, nokwelashwa kwe-thyroid yakho. Kwezinye izimo, ngaphandle kokuqeda ukuhlolwa kwe-thyroid yakho, ungase uthole ukuthi unesimo sengqondo sengqondo njengokucindezeleka noma ukuphazamiseka kwesifo.
Isimo esikhethekile singaba yinselele. Izimpawu zesifo sikaHashimoto ngokuvamile zifana ne-hypothyroidism ewumphumela wesifo. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, ngenkathi i-thyroid ihluleka, ingaba nezikhathi lapho iqhuma khona empilweni futhi ibuye ingasebenzi okwesikhashana. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi iHashitoxicosis. Izimpawu zingase zidideke, ngebhayisikili esikhathini esithile noma emasontweni phakathi kwe-hypothyroidism nezimpawu ze-hyperthyroidism.
Isipho esisodwa esibalulekile: Qinisekisa ukuthi uletha uhlu lokuhlola lwezingozi zakho nezimpawu zakho kuwe kudokotela. Uma unomhlengikazi-naphezu kwezinkinga zakho ezikhona ze-thyroid-wenqaba ukwenza ngisho nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo nokuhlolwa kwegazi, noma uvume ukuthi lezi zimpawu zingase zifune ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo, kungase kudingeke uthole udokotela omusha.
Futhi qaphela ukuthi izimo ezithile zempilo zingabangela, zibangelwe, noma zivame kakhulu kwiziguli ze-thyroid. Uma unayo yalezi zimo, kufanele futhi ube obukweni bezimpawu ezingase zibe khona ze-thyroid bese uhlola i-thyroid ngezikhathi ezithile. Lezi zimo zihlanganisa nesifo se-celiac; i-fibromyalgia ; i-syndrome engapheliyo; Isifo se-Lyme; i-carpal tunnel syndrome ; i-tarsal tunnel syndrome ; i-tendonitis ; i-plantar fasciitis ; i-hypercholesterolemia (i-cholesterol ephakeme) ikakhulu lapho ingaphenduli imithi; ukungabi namuntu; ukukhulelwa kwesisu okuphindaphindiwe; ihlombe elifriziwe ; ne- hemochromatosis .
> Imithombo:
> Bahn, R., Burch, H, Cooper, D, et al. I-Hyperthyroidism nezinye izimbangela ze-Thyrotoxicosis: Iziqondiso Zokuphatha ze-American Thyroid Association ne-American Association of Endocrinologist Clinic. I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 17 No. 3 Meyi / Juni 2011.
> Braverman, L, Cooper D. Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid, 10th Edition. I-WLL / Wolters Kluwer; 2012.
> Garber, J, Cobin, R, Gharib, H, et. al. "Iziqondiso Zomtholampilo Zokusebenza Nge-Hypothyroidism Kubantu Abadala: I-Cosponsored yi-American Association of Endocrinologists Clinic kanye ne-American Thyroid Association." I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 18 No. 6 Novemba / Disemba 2012.