Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, ingxenye yesithathu yabantu bonke emhlabeni , banesifo sofuba (TB). Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization, kunezigidi ezintsha ezingu-10.4 million kanye nokufa kwezigidi ezingu-1.7 ezifweni ngo-2016 yedwa. I-United States yaba ne-9 272 yalezo zifo ezintsha.
Ngenkathi ukutheleleka ngamabhaktheriya kuyimbangela eqondile ye-TB, kunezici eziningi ezingenza ube nesifo.
Ukwazi ukuthi lezi zici zingakusiza ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi unciphise ingozi yokutheleleka.
Amabhaktheriya
Isifo sofuba sibangelwa amabhaktheriya emndenini onzima waseMycobacterium.
- I-Mycobacterium africanum
- I-Mycobacteria bovis
- I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba
I-africanum , njengoba negama lisho ukuthi, livame kakhulu e-Afrika, ngenkathi i- TB isifo sofuba kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Lawa mabhaktheriya amabili abangela isifo se-TB kubantu. UMov Bovis uyingqayizivele ngoba ithola kakhulu izinkomo. Ukuphuza imikhiqizo yobisi engahlosiwe noma okunye ukuvezwa kwezilwane ezinesifo esithathelwanayo ngephesenti elincane lamacala omuntu wesifo sofuba.
I-Mycobacteria igula futhi iphile ngaphakathi kwamaseli ohlelweni lwethu lomzimba olubizwa ngokuthi i-macrophages. Ama-macrophages ngokuvamile abulala ama-microbes nezifo, kodwa uMfo we-TB une-capsule enamandla evikela ama-enzyme ayingozi ama-macrophages asetshenziswa ukuwahlasela. I-TB iyakwazi ukuzala ngaphakathi kwe-macrophage.
Indlela Ibhaktheriya Ye-TB Esabalala ngayo
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi lezi zingqimba zenza kanjani ukutheleleka, udinga ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokutheleleka kwe-TB evamile futhi esebenzayo .
Umuntu onokutheleleka okulandelekile unezibhaktheriya ze-TB emzimbeni wakhe kodwa akanayo isifo esisebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukukhukhuma, ukukhwehlela, nokulahlekelwa kwesisindo , akuzona ezithathelwanayo.
Kunalokho, amabhaktheriya alahlekile emzimbeni wabo. Amaphesenti angama-5 ukuya kwangu-10 abantu abane-TB evulekile bazoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa i-TB esebenzayo esikhathini sabo sokuphila. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala yokutheleleka.
Abantu abane-TB esebenzayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, banezibonakaliso ezinjengezo ezichazwe ngenhla. Zisakazeka kakhulu futhi zingasakaza lesi sifo. Uma bekhwehlela, bambaza, baphala, noma bakhulume, amabhaktheriya e-tubercia akhishwa ngamaconsi amanzi. Noma ubani ophilisa lezi zinhlayiya angathuthuka ukutheleleka kwe-TB kumaphaphu.
E-United States, ukuhanjiswa kwe-TB kuvame kakhulu entwasahlobo kanye namazinga aphansi ekwindla.
Izinto zokwelapha
Kunezimo zezokwelapha ezingakwandisa ingozi yokuba nesifo sofuba.
I-Immunosuppression
Isistimu ye-immune ebuthakathaka eyenza kube nzima umzimba wakho ukulwa nokutheleleka futhi cishe ukuthi i-TB evulekile iyasebenza. Futhi kwenza kube lula ukuthi utheleleke nge-TB kuqala. Ungakwazi ukuguqulwa nge-immunosuppressed ngokusekelwe kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:
- Ubudala: Amasosha omzimba omncane kakhulu futhi omdala kakhulu athambekele ekubeni buthakathaka.
- I-Chemotherapy: Lezi zokwelapha zilwa nomdlavuza kodwa futhi ziyancipha amandla omzimba wakho.
- I-Corticosteroids: Noma ubani othatha i-oral steroids isikhathi eside, okulingana no-15 mg prednisolone inyanga noma ngaphezulu, unesimiso sokuzivikela somzimba esibuthakathaka.
- I-HIV / AIDS: Ubungozi bokuthuthukisa i-TB kulinganiselwa ukuthi bayizikhulu okungenani izikhathi ezingu-16 kubantu abane-HIV. Njengoba isifo segciwane lesandulela ngculazi sigula noma sithuthukela ku-AIDS, ingozi ye-TB ikhula ngokwengeziwe.
- Ukufakelwa komzimba: Ukuvimbela umzimba ukuba unqabe isitho esitshalwe kabusha (inhliziyo, izinso, noma isibindi), abantu ngokuvamile bathatha imithi yokuzivikela yokuphila okungapheli.
- I-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors: Le mithi ye-biologic ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo zezokwelapha njenge-Crohn's disease, i-psoriatic arthritis, ne-arthritis ye-rheumatoid.
Imibandela Yokwelapha Engapheli
Izimo ezilandelayo zingakwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka nge-TB:
- Isifo se-Celiac
- I-hepatitis engapheli
- Isifo se-lung obstructive (COPD)
- I-cirrhosis
- Isifo sikashukela
- Ukuhlinzekwa kwe-gastric forpass
- Umdlavuza wekhanda nentamo
- Isifo sezinso
- Silicosis
Yeka indlela lezi zimo ezandisa ngayo ingozi ye-TB engaziwa kahle, kodwa kungenzeka ngenxa yemiphumela yawo esimisweni somzimba sokuzivikela komzimba nokuthi umzimba wakho ubamba kanjani umzimba. Uma unesinye salezi zimo, thatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukutholakala kwe-TB.
Izindlela zokuphila
Kunezici ezingekho zezokwelapha ze-TB ezingase zibe ngaphezulu kokulawula kwakho. Ngeshwa, ubumpofu, ukungabi namakhaya , nokunciphisa ukufinyeleleka ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kungenza ukulawula ezinye zezici ziyinselele.
Ukudla nokudla
Ukudla okunomsoco kunendima ekudluliseni i-TB. Ukungondleki okunomsoco akugcini nje ukuthi buthakathaka amasosha omzimba kodwa kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo. Abantu abanesisindo esiphansi (isibalo sabantu abaningi <18.5) banamathuba amabili okutheleleka kunabantu abane BMI ephakeme.
Uma kuziwa ezakhiweni ezithile, bheka i-iron neVithamini D. Amazinga aphezulu ensimbi egazini angakhuthaza ukukhula kwe-mycobacteria, okwenza abantu babe nesifo sofuba. I-Vitamin D yenza okuphambene, ivimbela ukukhula kwe-mycobacteria. Ngale ndlela, ukungabi nalutho kwe-vitamin D kuyingozi engozini yesifo sofuba.
Noma kunini lapho kungenzeka khona, kubalulekile ukuba udle ukudla okunomsoco okunomsoco nokugcina isisindo esinempilo. Izimo zezenhlalakahle azenzi njalo ukwenza lokho.
Indawo
Abantu abazalelwa ezindaweni eziphethwe yi-TB ngokusobala bayingozi engozini yokungena kuma-bacterium. Amazwe alandelayo, kusukela kuningi kuya kokungenani okuvamile, ubheka amaphesenti angu-64 azo zonke izifo zesifo sofuba:
- I-India
- Indonesia
- I-China
- Philippines
- I-Pakistan
- ENigeria
- Iningizimu Afrika
Ungase ungakwazi ukulawula lapho uzalwa khona kodwa ungakwazi ukulawula ukuthi uya kuphi. Okungenani, thatha izinyathelo lapho uqhamuka kulezi zindawo.
Imibandela Yokuphila
I-TB ingasakazeka ngokushesha lapho abantu beseduze. Izimo ezinzima ngaphakathi komphakathi noma ngisho nangokwenyuka kwekhaya okuyingozi kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nakakhulu uma kukhona umoya ophuthumayo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, ikakhulukazi, zinganqwabelana futhi azigcinwa kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma unenhlanhla yokuqasha indlu noma ukuthenga ikhaya, cabanga ngokuphepha kwelungiselelo lakho lokuphila.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinto
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezidakamizwa kuvamile phakathi kwabantu abanesifo sofuba. Ukubhema ugwayi kukhulisa ingozi yakho ngokuphindwe kabili. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umjovo noma ukungabi umjovo, nokuphuza amagremu angu-40 (i-pint eyodwa yewayini, izinyosi ezintathu ze-12-ounce, noma ama-ounces angu-4 we-distilled yotshwala njenge-vodka noma i-whisky) noma ngaphezulu kotshwala ngosuku luyakwandisa izinkinga ze-TB ukudluliselwa.
Kungcono kakhulu ukugwema ukubhema nezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. Uma uphuza utshwala, yenza njalo ngokulinganisela.
> Imithombo:
> Umbiko Wezifo Zomhlaba Wonke 2017. I-World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/. Kubuyekezwe i-Disemba 1, 2017.
> Horsburgh CR. I-epidemiology yesifo sofuba. Ku: UpToDate, uLerner SP (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.
> Oeltmann JE, Kammerer JS, Pevzner ES, i-Moonan PK. Isifo sofuba nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa e-United States, 1997-2006. I-Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan 26; 169 (2): 189-97. doi: 10.1001 / archinternmed.2008.535.
> Isifo sofuba (i-TB): Umehluko phakathi kokutheleleka kwe-TB yesikhashana kanye nesifo sofuba. Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/ltbiandactivetb.htm. Kubuyekezwe ngoNovemba 21, 2014.
> Isifo sofuba nesandulela ngculaza. I-World Health Organization.http: //www.who.int/hiv/topics/tb/en/. Kubuyekezwe ngo-February 2018.