Ama-lymphocytes abalulekile empilweni nasezifo, futhi lesi sihloko sizoqala ukuhlola ukuthi kanjani. Kodwa okokuqala, nangu uhlu lwezingu-10 okumelwe ukwazi-amaqiniso e-lymphocyte, ukuze uqale.
Izinto Eziphezulu Eziyishumi Okuzokwazi Ngama-Lymphocyte
- Ama-lymphocytes ayinjenge- white cell cell (WBC).
- Ama-lymphocytes amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba futhi asize ukulwa nokutheleleka.
- Ama-lymphocyte ahlala emanzini amancane, kodwa futhi egazini legazi nasemzimbeni wonke.
- Ama-lymphocyte afika ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko: B-amaseli namaseli e- T.
- Izinombolo ezingavamile ze-lymphocytes egazini zingase zibe zesikhashana noma zesikhathi eside.
- Ama-lymphocyte amaningi kakhulu egazini abizwa ngokuthi i-lymphocytosis.
- I-lymphocytes embalwa kakhulu egazini ibizwa ngokuthi i-lymphopenia.
- Ama-lymphocyte angashintshwa ngokungahle abe yi- lymphocytic leukemia engavamile , i- acute lymphoblastic leukemia , nezinhlobo ezithile ze- lymphoma .
- Ama-lymphocyte avela kuma-stem cells emnothweni wethambo.
- I-t-lymphocytes ikhula, noma ikhula, ku-thymus, isitho entanyeni.
Kuphi Emzimbeni Ama-Lymphocyte Atholakala?
Wonke umuntu unamaseli amabili abomvu (ama-RBC) namaseli amhlophe egazi (WBCs) ekusakazeni kwawo. Ababomvu banikeza igazi umbala wabo futhi bathambekele ekutholeni ukunakwa okuningi ngesikhathi sesayensi yesethulo. Njengoba i-RBC, noma i-erythrocyte, yenza indlela eya ezicubu ezidinga umoya-mpilo emzimbeni, inika oksijini wayo futhi uthatha i-carbon dioxide, bese ubuyela emuva enhliziyweni nasemaphaphini okushintshaniswa kwegesi futhi uthole oksijini ngaphezulu.
Ekuhambeni kwayo, i-RBC ikwazi ukuhlangana nama-WBC ahlukahlukene endleleni, futhi i-lymphocyte ingenye yazo.
I-Lymphocytes e-Blood Stream
Ama-RBC angumthombo oyinhloko 'wezimoto emgwaqweni omkhulu,' okusho ukuthi, ama-RBC afana nezimoto zakho, ama-SUV, pickups, nama-minivans nganoma yiluphi uhambo lomgwaqo.
Kunoma yikuphi ukuhamba komgwaqo, noma kunjalo, uqiniseke nokubona izimoto ezingezona umgibeli-isib, amasondo angu-18, izimoto zokwakha, i-U-Haul eyodwa, noma mhlawumbe i-trooper yesifunda noma amabili.
Lezi amaloli nezinqola ezingezigibeli zifana ne-WBCs yakho ekusakazeni: Ngokuqinisekile azibandakanyi ngobuningi bomgwaqo, kodwa awuzange umangale ngempela ukubona eyodwa.
Ngakho-ke, i-lymphocytes, uhlobo lwe-WBC, liwela kulolu hlobo "olungavamile kodwa olungavamile" lwesigaba sokusakaza kwegazi. Qaphela ukuthi i-lymphocytes ingenye yezinhlobo eziningi ze-WBCs, futhi nokuthi i-lymphocytes, ngokwayo, ivela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene, njengalapho ungase ube nama-troopers wesifunda kanye namaphoyisa wendawo, konke kuhamba ngendlela efanayo. Zombili izimoto zamaphoyisa, kodwa kukhona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwabo.
Ama-lymphocytes Ngaphandle kwe-Bloodstream, emigodini ye-Lymph
Uma ngabe uke uphume emgwaqweni omkhulu futhi ngephutha ungene emgqeni esiteshini sesisindo, uzothola phakathi kwama-wheel-wheelers angu-18 futhi mhlawumbe amamoto ambalwa amaphoyisa. Yilokho okungahle kufane nokufaka isimiso somzimba wakho wesimiso njengeseli elibomvu legazi: akufanele ube khona. I-lymph system iyisistimu yeziteshi-izitsha ze-lymph-lapho ama-WBCs afana ne-lymphocyte yakho yizinhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu zeseli.
Lezi ziteshi azikho kude kakhulu nemigwaqo emikhulu nemithambo egcwele ama-RBC, kodwa yiwo amanethiwekhi awo ahlukene. Ama-RBC ajwayelekile ukuba abe kulezi ziteshi, futhi uma kunjalo, kungabonisa ukulimala okubuhlungu noma okunye okungavamile.
Ama-lymphocytes aseLymph Nodes
Ama-lymph nodes amancane, izakhi ezinobhontshisi ezivame ukuvuvukala-lezo ziphuphu entanyeni yakho ngesikhathi sokutheleleka okuphezulu kokuphefumula, isibonelo. Ama-lymph nodes angase abhekwe ngokuthi "amaloli weloli lymphatic system." Le 'iloli ihamba' ihlelwe kahle ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi yamigwaqo lymph, ehlukene kahle, lapho i-lymphocytes ingahlola khona futhi ihlale isikhashana, isampula umoya wendawo .
Ama-RBC angase abe eduze, ngoba ngisho nento encane njenge-lymph node idinga ukunikezwa kwegazi, kodwa yileli maseli wesistimu ye-lymph, amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba, angena futhi ahlale e-lymph node, kanye namaseli amhlophe egazi, ikakhulukazi. Uhlelo lymph kanye nesistimu yokujikeleza zihlukile; ezinye ze-WBC ezifana ne-lymphocytes kanye nama-macrophages ziyakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwezindonga ukubuyela emuva naphakathi kwehlelo lymphatic kanye nesistimu yokujikeleza. Lawa ma-WBC angashiya kokubili amasistimu e-circulatory ne-lymph, ukuze athole izitho ezihlukahlukene, njengengxenye yemisebenzi yabo evamile noma njengoba kungadingeka isidingo.
Ama-lymphocyte e-Blood, Lymph, nama-Organic kanye namaTissues
Ukufingqa, i-lymphocytes ingenye yezinhlobo ze-WBC ezitholakala emithanjeni yakho nasemithambo yegazi, ekusakazeni komzimba. Kodwa i-lymphocytes ingatholakala nakwezinye izindawo emzimbeni-ku-lymph nodes neziteshi zomzimba lymph wesimiso somzimba wakho womzimba.
Ukwengeza, zingatholakala futhi zihlakazeke kuwo wonke umzimba ku-spleen, tonsils, emathunjini, nasezindaweni zokuhamba emoyeni, isibonelo. Lapha i-lymphocytes imelela lokho okubhekwa ngokuthi "izicubu zethempidi." Ezinye zezinto ezivame ukujwayela izicubu ze-lymphoid zisemathunjini, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Peyer's Patches. I-lymphocytes ihleleke kakhulu kulezi zindawo, ezakhiweni ezibizwa ngokuthi i-follicles. Lapho, i-lymphocytes iyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba ngokuqapha amabhaktheriya ahlala emanzini, okuvimbela ukukhula kwamabhaktheriya amabi emathunjini.
Enye yezindawo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthola izithophocytes emzimbeni uyisitho esaziwa ngokuthi ipeni . Ngezinye izici, i-spleen ifana ne-lymph node eyodwa enkulu. Ukunciphisa i-spleen inendima yayo ohlelweni lwezivikela-mzimba kungabi nakulungile, njengoba lesi sitho senza izinto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuhlanganise nokugcina okuningi kokunikezwa kwamaplatelet okusiza igazi lakho ukuba liguqulwe, kanye nokuthatha ama-RBC asezindaweni ezindala nasezintanyeni kusuka ekujikelezeni.
I-Lymphocytes Ibukeka Kanjani?
Abantu abaningi esimweni sezokwelapha baqala ukubuka i-lymphocyte yangempela ngokubheka in microscope ebhodini endaweni ethile. Uma ihlazi legazi lithathwa futhi lifakwe kwisilayidi futhi liphathwa ngezindlela ezifanele, ungabona i-lymphocytes njalo, phakathi kwazo zonke izinqamuzana zegazi elibomvu.
- Ama-lymphocyte amakhulu kunama-red cells (RBCs)
- Ama-lymphocyte awancane kakhulu, noma ajwayelekile, kunama-RBC.
- Ama-lymphocytes awawona amancane njenge- monocytes egazi, enye uhlobo lwe-WBC.
- Ngokungafani namangqamuzana egazi abomvu, angenayo i-nucleus ebantwini, i-lymphocytes ibonakala sengathi iqukethe ngokuphelele i-nucleus-njengeqanda elithosiwe elinamhlophe kakhulu futhi cishe-yonke i-yolk. Nokho, nge-stain efanele, i-yolk noma i-nucleus ye-lymphocyte ngokuvamile iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho iqhwa elimhlophe noma i-cytoplasm liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Kuphi I-Lymphocytes Ekhiqizwa?
Njengawo wonke amangqamuzana egazi, kokubili obomvu namhlophe, i-lymphocyte iqala uhambo lwayo lokuphila emnothweni wethambo. Uma umuntu ezalwa, umnto wethambo ufana nefektri yokukhiqiza amaseli egazi amasha. Ama-lymphocyte afika ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko, ama- T-cells nama-B-cell . Bobabili yi-lymphocytes, kodwa banemisebenzi ehlukile.
I-t-lymphocytes, ivela, ibe neyodwa indaba eyingqayizivele uma kuziwa emvelaphi yabo-indaba ebonisa imisebenzi yabo eqinile njengamaseli asekhulile. I-'T 'kuma-T-cell empeleni imelela i-thymus , kuyilapho i-' B 'kuma-B-cell ebhekisela emnothweni wethambo.
Wonke amangqamuzana akho amhlophe wegazi akwenziwa emnothweni wethambo, kodwa kuphela i-subset ekhethekile yale maseli okwenza igazi ahamba esuka emthonjeni wamathambo aye e-thymus, lapho 'aqeqesha khona' abe yi-T-lymphocytes. Amaseli amancane anika indawo efanele, ne-cell receptors nama-chemical signals, ukuze avuselele ama-T-cell ngendlela efanele. I-thymus iqinisekisa ukuthi lawa maseli akhula ukuze abe 'nemishini' noma izimpawu zangaphandle ngaphandle kweseli. Kukhona nenqubo yokukhethwa nokukhipha. Abasindile bahluke ngokukhethekile (CD8 + noma CD4 +) T-lymphocytes futhi bachithe cishe izinsuku ezingu-10 endaweni ethile ye-thymus, lapho bafunda ukutshela umehluko phakathi kwamakaki 'ngabanye' nabamemezeli bangaphandle. Emva kwalolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, ama-T-amaseli angashiya i-thymus futhi enze imisebenzi yawo ehlukahlukene esimisweni somzimba sokuzivikela.
I-Lymphocytes Yenzani?
Kukhona ngempela umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-B-amaseli namaseli we-T, yize zombili ziyi-lymphocytes. Ama-B-amangqamuzana namaseli e-T ahlanganiswa "nezindawo" ezihlukene zesistimu yomzimba. Enye ingxenye yesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela-insimu eyengeziwe ye-B-cell-igxile ekwenzeni amasosha omzimba angaboshela abahlaseli bangaphandle bese eholela ekubhujisweni kwabo. Okunye okuyingxenye yesimiso sokuzivikela-isisodwa se-T-cell esiphezulu-sigxile ekuqapheliseni abahlaseli bese ngokuzibulala ngokuqondile, ngokusebenzisa ukulandelana okuqakathekileko okuholela ekulwa kwempi-to-cell. Lezi zinhlanzi ezimbili noma izindawo ezihlukene zichazwa ngemigomo ethile. I-artillery, noma i-antibody-productive side, iyaziwa ngokuthi i- immunity immunity . I-infantry, noma i-cell-to-cell battle side, iyaziwa ngokuthi igciwane lesandulela ngculazi .
Ama-B-amangqamuzana angama-cell afika engqondweni uma ecabanga ngama-antibodies, noma ukuzivikela komzimba, kanye nama-T-cell amangqamuzana afika engqondweni lapho ecabanga ngokulwa neseli-to-cell, i-cytotoxicity, noma okuthiwa yi-cell-mediated-immunity . Eqinisweni, kuvame ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-B-amaseli kanye nama-T-cell, njengoba nje kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwalabo abashisa imfucumfucu kanye nosana.
B-amangqamuzana avuthiwe emnothweni wethambo futhi athuthele kuma-lymph nodes. B-amangqamuzana abe amangqamuzana e-plasma noma amangqamuzana omemori lapho ama-antigens angaphandle ewasebenzisa; ama-B-amangqamuzana amaningi abe amangqamuzana e-plasma ekhiqiza antibody; ezinye zihlala njengezinkumbulo zezinkumbulo. Imemori B-amaseli kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uma isitha sibhekene futhi esikhathini esizayo, izidumbu zilungiselelwe. Amangqamuzana e-plasma angatholakala kuma-lymph nodes nakwezinye izindawo emzimbeni, lapho asebenza khona ukukhiqiza ama-antibodies amaningi. Uma ama-antibodies esekhishwa egazini nase-lymph, la ma-molecule e-antibody ahlanganisa i-antigen ehlose ukuqala inqubo yokwehlisa noma yokubhubhisa i-agent yangaphandle.
T-amangqamuzana avuthiwe ku-thymus futhi ahlukanise ngezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamaT cell, kufaka phakathi okulandelayo:
- Amaseli ase-cytotoxic T athola futhi ahlasela ngokuqondile abantu bezinye izizwe njengama-bacteria, amagciwane, namaseli omdlavuza.
- Amaseli E-Helper T asebenzisa amanye amangqamuzana omzimba futhi ahlele impendulo yomzimba.
- Amangqamuzana e-regulatory T acatshangelwa ukuvimbela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ukuze angabi ngokweqile (njengoba senza ngezifo ezizimele), kodwa izici eziyinhloko ze-biology zala maseli zihlala zifihliwe futhi ziqhubeka ziphikisana kakhulu.
- Ama-cell killer T (NKT) amangqamuzana awafani into efana namangqamuzana ebulalayo, kodwa afanayo. Ama-NKT amangqamuzana e-cytotoxic T adinga ukuqaliswa futhi ahlukanise ukwenza umsebenzi wawo. I-cell killer (NK) amaseli kanye namaseli e-NKT yizingxenye ze-lymphocytes ezihlanganyela emhlabathini ovamile. Bobabili bangasheshe basabele ekukhona kwamangqamuzana omzimba futhi babambe iqhaza ekuphenduleni izimpungushe zomzimba.
- Amangqamuzana e-Memory T akhumbule izimpawu ezingaphezu kwamagciwane, amagciwane, noma amangqamuzana omdlavuza abawabonayo ngaphambili.
Ama-lymphocyte e-Lymphoma
Manje njengoba ujwayele ukujwayela i-lymphocytes, izinhlobo ezahlukene, imisebenzi yazo ehlukahlukene, nezizathu ezifanele zokubheka, ake sibone ukuthi konke lokhu kuhlobene kanjani ne-lymphoma.
I-Lymphoma ivela lapho i-lymphocytes ikhula futhi ikhula ngokungalawuleki. Umdlavuza kwenzeka esikhathini esithile ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-lymphocytes. I-lymphocyte yomdlavuza ingaya ezinxenyeni eziningi zomzimba, kufaka phakathi i-lymph nodes, i-spleen, i-bone marrow, i-blood, noma ezinye izitho, futhi zingakwazi ukwakha inqwaba endaweni eyodwa, ebizwa ngokuthi i-tumor.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-lymphocyte enempilo ingashukunyiswa futhi ibe khona kumasayithi ahlukahlukene emzimbeni, umqondo we-metastasis (osebenza eminye imikhakha eminingi yemdlavuza) awusebenzi kahle ku-lymphoma. Amangqamuzana e-Lymphoma angatholakala ku-lymph node futhi mhlawumbe nase-pleen, futhi. Ngeke uyibize ngempela i-metastasis, ngoba i-spleen iyisitho lapho i-lymphocyte enempilo ingatholakala ngokujwayelekile. Ngakho esimweni se-lymphoma, kukhona ulimi oluhlukile olwenziwe ukuchaza izinga lokusabalala kwezifo.
Ama-lymphomas amaningi aqala kuma-lymph nodes, kodwa i-lymphomas ingavela cishe noma ikuphi emzimbeni. Lapho i-lymphoma iqala ngaphandle kwe-lymph node, ibizwa ngokuthi isifo se-extranodal esiyinhloko . Lapho i-lymphoma iqala ngesifo se-lymph kodwa ikhula futhi isakaze ukubandakanya ezinye izakhiwo, ibizwa ngokuthi ukubandakanyeka kwe-extranodal noma isifo se-extranodal yesibili. Ngokungafani nokusabalalisa, kuthiwa, umdlavuza wesifo sofuba njengoba kuhlanganiswa kwezinye izitho ezinjengethambo, ukusakazeka kwe-lymphoma kwezinye izakhiwo kwisimiso se-lymph akusho ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukubikezelwa komuntu.
I-B-cell Lymphomas kanye ne-T-cell Lymphomas
Izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-lymphoma, i- Hodgkin kanye ne- non-Hodgkin lymphoma , zihlobene kakhulu nomlando wokutholakala kwazo kunanoma iyiphi into ekhethekile kuma-lymphocytes. Lokho kusho ukuthi uhlobo lwe-lymphoma uThomas Hodgkin oluthole lwaluvele luyinto e-lymphoma eyenziwa ngamaseli ohlangothini lwe-B-lymphocyte lomndeni. Nge-non-Hodgkin lymphomas, ungaba ne-B-cell lymphomas noma i-T-cell lymphomas. Uma i-B-cell lymphoma ingeyona uhlobo lwe-Hodgkin, yayaziwa ngokuthi i-B-cell engeyona i-Hodgkin lymphoma, noma i-B-NHL. I-subtypes ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ze-NHL zombili zenzeka ukuthi i-lymphomas ye-lymphocyte B. I-T-cell i-lymphomas akhawunti cishe ngamaphesenti angu-15 kuwo wonke ama-NHL e-United States. Njengoba nje nge-B-cell lymphomas, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene ze-B-cell lymphomas.
> Imithombo:
> Izinkombandlela Zokuziphatha Zomtholampilo ze-NCCN ku-Oncology. Izidakamizwa ezingezona ezenziwa yi-Non-Hodgkin. I-National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Itholakala ku-http: //www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nhl.pdf.
> SEER Statistics Statistics: Ama-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. I-National Cancer Institute: Uhlelo Lokuhlola, i-Epidemiology, ne-End Results Programme. Iyatholakala ku-http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html.
> Stein H, Bob R. Ingabe i-Hodgkin lymphoma enye enye i-B-cell lymphoma? I-Curr Hematol Malig Rep . 2009 uJulayi; 4 (3): 125-8.