Umdlavuza wesikhumba yilona uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza olutholakala e-United States, futhi lungabhekwa ngaphansi kwamagciwane e-squamous cell, ama-basal cell cancers, nama-melanomas, kanye namanye ama-cancer ajwayelekile. Izimpawu zingase zihlanganise nesifo esingasiphulukisi, indawo entsha esikhumbeni, noma imvukuzane eguqukayo. Uma odokotela besolwa ngomdlavuza wesikhumba ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kudingeka ukuba i-biopsy ihlolwe.
Izinketho zokwelashwa zixhomeke ohlobo nasesiteji, ngokuhlinzwa ukukhipha umdlavuza indlela evame kakhulu. With melanomas kanye squamous cell carcinomas eziphambili, ezinye zokwelapha ezifana immunotherapy, chemotherapy, noma imisebe kungadingeka. I-ounce yokuvimbela impela iyigugu elilodwa lemithi yokwelashwa, futhi kunezinto eziningi ezilula abantu abangayenza ukuze banciphise amathuba abo.
Ngesikhathi samanje, umdlavuza wesikhumba kubhekwa njengengculazi e-United States, ngokubalwa kwekhanda lesikhumba ngamaphesenti angu-50 azo zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 okufa ngenxa ye-melanomas, futhi ucwaningo lubheka izindlela ezingcono zokuthola nokuphatha lezi zomshukela.
Ukuqonda isikhumba
Abantu abaningi abacabangi ngesikhumba njengelungu, kodwa njengezinye izitho, kunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Njengoba ukhetho lwezokwelapha lomdlavuza wesikhumba ngokuvamile luxhomeke ekujuleni "komzimba," kuyasiza ukuqonda izigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo esikhumbeni.
I-Epidermis
I- epidermis ingqimba ephezulu yesikhumba futhi isebenza imisebenzi eminingana, kuhlanganise nokuvikela ukungaphakathi kwemizimba yethu emvelweni. Amaseli alesi sigaba adala umdlavuza wesikhumba ovame kakhulu: i-squamous cell carcinoma, i-basal cell carcinoma, ne-melanoma.
- Amangqamuzana omzimba: Lawa maseli angaphansi kwesikhumba sangaphandle.
- Amaseli ase Basal; Amaseli ase-Basal alala phansi kwezingqimba ze-squamous futhi enza ama-cell cells amasha.
- Ama-melanocytes : Lawa maseli atholakala ngaphansi kwezingqimba ze-basal futhi akhiqize i-melanin, i-pigment enika isikhumba umbala wayo.
I-Dermis
I- dermis iyisendlalelo esiphakathi kwesikhumba esakhiwa i-collagen ne-elastin, futhi iqukethe izinwele zezinwele, ama-huland eveza uketshezi (izigulane ezithandwayo), imizwa negazi.
Izicubu ezingaphansi
Izicubu ezingezansi ziqukethe amafutha, izicubu ezihambisanayo, nemithambo yegazi emikhulu, kanti inani lalezi zicubu ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umuntu unomzimba omncane noma okhuluphele kakhulu.
Izinhlobo ZeCanscer Skin
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezivamile zomdlavuza wesikhumba, ezinamazinga angaphezu kuka-100 ajwayelekile ayenzeka futhi. Ngokubili, i-basal cell carcinoma ne-squamous cell carcinoma kuthiwa yi-non-melanoma yesikhumba somdlavuza.
I-Basal Cell Carcinoma
I-Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) yindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke zomdlavuza wesikhumba, ebala amaphesenti angama-75 kuya kuma-80 amaphesenti alawa kansa. Ingozi yokuphila kokudala i-basal cell carcinoma manje isingamaphesenti angama-30. Yake itholakala ikakhulu kubantu abadala noma asebekhulile, kodwa iyaqhubeka itholakala kubantu abasha. Umdlavuza wesikhumba ovame kakhulu phakathi kwama-Hispanics.
I-basal cell carcinoma ivame ukuqala ezindaweni ezivezwe elangeni, njengobuso, intamo, nezandla.
Umdlavuza okhula kancane owehluleka ukusabalalisa kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, kodwa abantu abanomlando we-BCC basengozini enkulu yokuthola i-BCC yesibili. Uma i-basal cell carcinoma ingelashwa, ingalimaza izicubu ezizungezile, kubangele ukuthi ingasebenzi futhi ingagcina ihlasela amathambo. Ukwelashwa kuphumelela kakhulu uma lezi zomshukela zitholakele futhi ziphathwa ngokushesha.
I-Squamous Cell Carcinoma
I-squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) ibhalela ngamaphesenti angu-16 kuya kuma-20 amaphesenti ekhanda lesikhumba futhi kwenzeka kaningi emadodeni njengabesifazane. Lezi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zesikhumba somdlavuza ezitholakala kumnyama. Ngokungafani ne-basal cell carcinomas, la kansela angase isakaze (i-metastasize) uma iba enkulu.
Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ebusweni, endlebeni, entanyeni, ezindebeni nasezinsikeni zezandla. I-SCC ingaqala futhi phakathi kwezibazi noma izilonda zesikhumba kwezinye izindawo emzimbeni. Njenge-basal cell carcinoma, ukwelashwa okukhona kuyasebenza kakhulu uma i-tumor itholakele ngenkathi encane futhi ibe mncane. I-squamous cell carcinomas inobunye obuqine kakhulu nokukhanya kwelanga.
I-Melanoma
I-Melanoma yilona uhlobo olwesabekayo kakhulu lomdlavuza wesikhumba futhi, nakuba lingavamile kakhulu kune-basal cell kanye ne-squamous cell cancers, libhekene neningi labantu ababulawa yilesi sifo. Lezi zomshukela zingase zivele esikhumbeni esijwayelekile, kodwa zivame ukuqala emulenzeni okhona. Itholakala kakhulu kaningi emhlane emadodeni, emilenzeni yabesifazane, nasezintendeni zezandla, ezinyaweni ezinyaweni, nasezintweni zeminwe noma ezinsikeni zabantu abanemibala yesikhumba emnyama. Lokho kusho ukuthi lezi zomshukela zingase zenzeke noma kuphi, kufaka phakathi izindawo zesikhumba ezingakaze zivezwe elangeni.
Isimo se-melanoma senyuke kakhulu eMelika iminyaka engu-3 edlule. Nakuba i-melanoma iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kubantu abamhlophe, isifo se-melanoma ngaphansi kwezipikili sifana nabantu bazo zonke izici zesikhumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokusinda kulabo abathintekayo liphakeme kubantu abamnyama. Ngamanye amazwi, wonke umuntu kudingeka aqaphele lesi sifo.
Ukuchazwa kwalezi zomshukela kuhle uma kutholakala kusenesikhathi, kodwa kwehla ngokushesha uma kusakazeka kumagqabhezana amancane noma izitho, ezifana namathambo, amaphaphu, isibindi nobuchopho. Kodwa-ke, ukwelapha okusha kuyamenza umehluko ekusindeni, futhi ngisho namanye ama-melanomas athuthukile manje angalawulwa ngalezi zokwelapha.
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile
Okungavamile kakhulu, kunezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezivela esikhunjeni noma ezakhiweni ezihlobene nesikhumba. Eminye yalezi zihlanganisa:
- I-Merkel cell carcinoma: I-Merkel cell carcinomas yi-cancer engavamile yesikhumba esivame ukutholakala eduze kwamehlo abantu asebekhulile. Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, lezi zomshukela ziyanda. Bavame ukuba nobudlova, futhi basakaze ngokushesha kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.
- I-sarcoma yeKapisi : Lo mdlavuza ubangelwa i-Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, futhi uvame ukutholakala kubantu abanesandulela ngculazi nengculazi, noma abangenakho ukuzivivinya ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nokufakelwa komzimba. Ihlinzeka njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezibomvu, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ezibomvu ezungeze umzimba kanye nokuvuvukala okungaba nzima. Ngenhlanhla, ivame ukuphendula kahle imishanguzo ye-HIV.
- I-sebaceous gland carcinoma: Lezi zomshukela zivela ezingxenyeni ezizimele, futhi zenzeka kaningi kubafazi abadala, eduze kweso.
- Ukwelashwa kwe-Dermatofibrosarcoma: Lezi zomshukela ziqala njenge-nodule ezinzima ezivela emdlelweni futhi zisakaze ngokushesha. Zihlobene nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, okuzophumela ekuphumela kokukhiqiza ngokweqile kwiprotheni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-platelet-etholakalayo yokukhula.
I-Skin Metastases namanye ama-Cancers Afika Esikhumbeni
Ngezinye izikhathi, amakhemikhali aphakama kwezinye izindawo zomzimba angase asakaze (i- metastasize ) esikhumbeni. Amagciwane kaningi ahlotshaniswa nezidakamizwa zesikhumba zihlanganisa umdlavuza webele, umdlavuza wekoloni nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lapho ezinye izifo zomdlavuza zisakazeka esikhumbeni azibizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza wesikhumba, futhi uma ubheka amangqamuzana angaphansi kwe-microscope, ngokwesibonelo, nge-metastases yebele ikhumbuza, amaseli esikhumbeni amangqamuzana ebelethwe umdlavuza, hhayi amangqamuzana ekhanda lomdlavuza. Babezophathwa njengengculaza yebele, hhayi umdlavuza wesikhumba.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zomdlavuza webele zingase zivele esikhumbeni, futhi ezinyathelweni zakuqala zingafana ne-eczema noma umdlavuza wesikhumba. Umdlavuza wesifuba wokuvuvukala uvame ukuqala ngokubomvu nokuphuza esifubeni. Isifo se-Paget uhlobo lwesifo somdlavuza esibelethweni esiqala esikhumbeni sezinsipho. I-cutaneous T cell lymphoma yiqembu lezifo (kubandakanya i- mycosis fungoides , i-Sezary syndrome, nezinye) eziyizinhlobo ze-lymphoma. Amaseli omdlavuza awuhlobo lwamaseli amhlophe egazi aziwa ngokuthi i-T lymphocytes, hhayi amangqamuzana esikhumba. I-T-cell i-lymphomas i-Cutaneous ivame ukuqala njengezicathulo ezibomvu, ezibomvu zesikhumba ezinzima kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-plaque, futhi-ke izicubu ezibonakalayo zingabonakala.
Izimpawu
Izimpawu zomdlavuza wesikhumba zihlanganisa noma yikuphi ushintsho olukhonjisiwe esikhumbeni futhi lungabandakanya:
- Isihlungu esingapheli.
- I-molecule eguqukayo.
- I-Scaly, i-crusty ebonakala izilonda.
- Amakhadi amnyama, amhlophe, noma anemibala avela e-dome-like.
- Itching.
I-mnemonic yokubona izibonakaliso ezinokwenzeka ze-melanoma kanje:
- A imelela i-asymmetry: I-molecule noma i-sore efana ne-asymmetric.
- B imelela imingcele. Imingcele ye-melanoma ingase ibe yinto engavamile, ingasetshenzisiwe, noma ifinyeleleke.
- C imele umbala. Ama-melanomas kaningi anemibala engaphezu kweyodwa noma i-hue.
- D imele ububanzi. I-molecule eyinkulu kune-penas eraser kungenzeka ukuba i-melanoma.
- E imele noma ukuphakama noma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-molecule ingase iphakanyiswe (ngokuvamile kaningi) futhi ivame ukushintsha (ukushintsha) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izimbangela Nezici Zengozi
Asazi kahle ukuthi yini ebangela umdlavuza wesikhumba, nakuba sibone izinkinga eziningana zobungozi . Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa:
- Ukuchayeka kwelanga
- Ukuba nombala wesikhumba obalahlekile, ikakhulukazi labo abanezinwele ezimvu noma ezibomvu, amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi abangeke bavame futhi bashise kalula.
- Ukuba nemlando yomndeni womdlavuza wesikhumba.
- Ukuba nomlando womuntu siqu womdlavuza wesikhumba.
- Ukuba nesinye sezifo eziningana ze-genetic, njenge-xeroderma pigmentosum.
- Ukuba nama-moles amaningi (angaphezu kuka-50) noma abe nama-atypical moles (nevi).
- Amakhanda okushisa noma izifo zesikhumba zangaphambilini.
- Ukuba nesimiso sokuzivikela somzimba esibuthakathaka.
- Ezinye zokwelashwa kanye nemithi, njengokwelashwa kwemisebe yomdlavuza, nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ye-psoriasis.
- Ukuvezwa kwamakhemikhali emsebenzini, njenge-tar ne-vinyl chloride.
- Ukuvezwa kwe-arsenic emanzini okuphuza.
- Ukubhema (kwandisa ingozi ye-squamous cell carcinoma).
Ukuxilongwa
Ukubona umdlavuza wesikhumba kuqala ngomlando oqaphele (ukulalela izimpawu kanye nezingozi zobungozi) nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba. Ngokususelwa ekubukeni kwesilonda sesikhumba, udokotela angase ancoma i-biopsy, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube nzima ukwazi ukuthi ukungajwayelekile kuyinto umdlavuza noma hhayi ngokusekelwe ukubukeka yayo ebonakalayo. Lokhu kungaba yinselele nakakhulu kunabantu abangewona abamhlophe.
I-biopsy ingenziwa ngenye yezindlela eziningana. Okuvamile kakhulu (uma kusolwa ukuthi isisekelo se-basal noma i-squamous cell carcinoma) yisisindo se-shave, inqubo ehilela ukubopha isikhumba nokugcoba isiqephu sesilonda. I-biopsy ye-punch nayo ingenziwa futhi. I-biopsy engaqondakali ihilela ukwenza ukuchotshozwa nokukhipha ingxenye yokungajwayelekile okufanele ibhekwe ngumuntu wezokwelapha. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi i-melanoma, i-biopsy ye-excisional ivame ukuphakanyiswa. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhipha konke okungavamile kanye nendawo yezicubu ezizungezile. Njengoba ukubandakanya isikhumba ngokujulile kubaluleke kakhulu ekumenikeleni i-melanoma, kufanele kwenziwe i-biopsy ngokucophelela ukuze kulondolozwe isilonda sokuba isifo sezempilo sifunde.
Uma umdlavuza wesikhumba (i-melanoma futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-squamous cell carcinoma) iqhubekela phambili, ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwenziwa ukuze kusungulwe lesi sifo futhi kufuneke ukuba khona kwe-metastases. Lokhu kungabandakanya i-sentinel node biopsy, i-CT scan, i-PET scan, noma ezinye izivivinyo kuye ngokuthi indawo yomdlavuza wesikhumba.
Ukwelapha
Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wesikhumba kuzoxhomeka ezintweni eziningi, njengohlobo lomdlavuza, ubukhulu nokujula, nokuningi.
Ukususa lesi sifo kungcono ukwelashwa okuvame kakhulu. Ukuhlinzwa okhethekile okuthiwa ukuhlinzwa kukaMo kuhilela ukukhipha izicubu ezilandelanayo futhi uhlole amapheshana nganoma yibuphi ubufakazi bomdlavuza, ukuze umthamo omncane wokuhlinzwa ukhiphe ngokuphelele isisu. Nge-melanomas, indawo enkulu yezicubu ezizungezile isusiwe.
Ukuze uthole izicubu ezithuthukisiwe ezitheleleke kuma-lymph nodes noma kwezinye izifunda zomzimba, ukwelashwa okunjenge-immunotherapy, chemotherapy, ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe, kanye nokwelashwa kwama-radiation kungadingeka.
Ukuvimbela Nokutholwa Okuqala
Kunezinto eziningi abantu abangayenza ukuvimbela umdlavuza wesikhumba , noma okungenani ukunciphisa ingozi yabo. Ukuqapha ilanga kubalulekile, kodwa kuhlanganisa okungaphezu nje kokugqoka isikrini, futhi ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuvikela (njengezingubo, izigqoko, nokugwema ilanga langaphakathi) kufanele kwenziwe kanjalo. Okunye ukuvezwa komsebenzi kungandisa ingozi, futhi amagilavu anconywa uma esebenza ngamakhemikhali amaningi kanye nezinto.
Akuwona wonke amagciwane ekhanda ongavinjelwa, futhi ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kuba umgomo. Ukuhlolwa kokuzikhumba kufanele kucatshangelwe, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanezinkinga zokugula. Abanye abantu abanezici ezinobungozi obukhulu, noma ama-genetic syndromes ahlobene nengozi ephakeme, bangase bafune ukucabangela ukuvakashelwa njalo ne-dermatologist yabo.
Izwi elivela
Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu izokwakha uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza wesikhumba empilweni yabo yokuphila. Ukwazi izibonakaliso eziyisixwayiso zesifo, futhi ukwazi izici zakho ezingozini, kubalulekile ekutholeni la kansela emagcekeni okuqala futhi ephilisa kakhulu wesifo. Ngenkathi i-dermatologist ingakwazi ukwazi ukuthi ukungajwayelekile kuyinto umdlavuza noma cha, ngokuvamile i-biopsy iyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe lesi sifo. Uma unayo izinguquko zesikhumba ezikukhathazayo, ungalindeli, futhi wenze i-aphoyintimenti ukuze ubone udokotela wakho oyinhloko noma udokotela wesimanje namuhla.
> Imithombo:
> National Cancer Institute. Ukwelapha kwe-Melanoma (PDQ) -Isiprofetho se-Health Professional. Kubuyekezwe 03/22/18.
> National Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa Kwe-Cancer Treatment (PDQ) -Health Professional Version. Kubuyekezwe 01/01/18.
> U-Richard PJB, uHamish JA Hunter, noMargaret W. Mann. Izidakamizwa zemithi. I-Chichester (West Sussex): UJohn Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015. Phrinta.