Ukwandisa ku-Lifespan kusukela ku-Prehistory Through the Era Yanamuhla
Abantu bahlala isikhathi esingakanani esikhathini esidlule? Uvame ukuzwa izibalo mayelana nobude obuphakathi kwabantu abahlala amakhulu, ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule. Ingabe obaba bethu bafa ngempela beneminyaka engama-30 noma engu-40 ngaleso sikhathi? Nasi isimiso esincane sokuphila isikhathi eside kulo lonke umlando ukukusiza ukuthi uqonde ukuthi ukuhlala isikhathi sokuphila nokuphila kwabantu kushintshile kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuphila ngokuphikisana nokuphila okulindelwe
Igama elithi isikhathi sokuphila lisho isilinganiso sempilo yabantu bonke, kucatshangelwa zonke izibalo zokufa zalelo qembu labantu. Ukuphila kuyingxenye yobude bomuntu siqu. Ngenkathi kokubili imibhalo ibonakala iqondile, ukungabi nalutho kwemibhalo kanye namarekhodi omlando kwenze kwaba nzima ngabacwaningi ukucacisa indlela abaphila ngayo abaguqukile kulo lonke umlando.
Indlela Yokuphila Yomuntu Okhulile
Kuze kube yamuva nje, ulwazi oluncane lwalukhona mayelana nokuthi abantu besikhathi esidlule baphila kangakanani. Ukuba nokufinyelela emincintiswaneni encane kakhulu yezinsalela zomuntu kwenza kube nzima kwababhali-mlando ukuba balinganise inani labantu. Abaprofesa be-anthropology uRaas Caspari no-Sang-Hee Lee, weCentral Michigan University kanye neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia e-Riverside, ngokulandelana, bakhetha esikhundleni sokuhlaziya iminyaka ehambisanayo yamathambo etholakala emashumini asempumalanga naseningizimu ye-Afrika, eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo.
Ngemva kokuqhathanisa inani lalabo abafayo abasebancane nalabo abafa lapho bekhulile, leli qembu laphetha ngokuthi ukuhlala isikhathi eside kwaqala ukukhula ngokweqile-okungukuthi, eminyakeni engama-30 noma ngaphezulu-cishe eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 000 edlule, ephuzile kakhulu isikhathi sokuziphendukela kwabantu. Ku-athikili eyanyatheliswa ngo-2011 eScientific American, uCaspari ubiza ngokuthi "ukuguquka kukagogo nomkhulu," njengoba kubonakala okokuqala emlandweni wesintu ukuthi izizukulwane ezintathu zingaba khona.
Emakhulwini Eminyaka Ekuqaleni
Ukulinganiselwa kokulinda kwempilo okuchaza ukuthi inani labantu lonke libhekene nokuntuleka kobufakazi obunokwethenjelwa obubuthene kusukela kulezi zikhathi. Ku-athikili ka-2010 eyanyatheliswa kuyi- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gerontologist kanye ne-biologist yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uCaleb Finch, uchaza ukuthi isilinganiso sokuphila esivela ezikhathini zasendulo samaGreki nesiRoma sasifushane cishe eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwezingama-35, nakuba ezwa lezi zinombolo zisekelwe " ngokuphawulekayo "amathuna epitaphs nama-sampula".
Ukuqhubekela phambili emgqeni wesikhathi esiyingqopha-mlando, u-Finch ubhala izinselele zokunciphisa izikhathi zokuphila ezilandelwayo kanye nezimbangela zokufa kulolu lwazi lokuphumula. Njengendlela yokwenza ucwaningo, yena nabanye ochwepheshe bokuziphendukela kwemvelo basikisela ukuqhathaniswa okunengqondo kungenziwa ngemininingwane yabantu abavela e-Sweden yangaphambi kwezezimboni (phakathi nangekhulu le-18 leminyaka) kanye neminye imikhakha enamanje, encane, abazingelayo emazweni afana neVenezuela neBrazil.
U-Finch ubhala ukuthi ukwahlulela ngale datha izimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa phakathi nalezi zinsuku zokuqala cishe kwakuyizifo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela ezifweni ezithathelwanayo noma izilonda ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa izingozi noma ukulwa. Izimo zokuphila ezingenabugovu nokufinyelela okuncane ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okuphumelelayo kwakusho ukuthi ukulinda impilo cishe kunomkhawulo oneminyaka engaba ngu-35 ubudala.
Ukuphila okulindelekile ekuzalweni , isibalo esithinta kakhulu ukushona kwezinsana-okuyizinkulungwane ezingamaphesenti angu-30. Akusho ukuthi umuntu ovamile ohlala ngo-1200 AD wafa eneminyaka engama-35. Kunalokho, kuwo wonke umntwana oshonile esemncane, omunye umuntu kungenzeka ukuthi wayephila ukuze abone usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe lwama-70. Ukuqala kweminyaka engaba ngu-15 kwaqhubeka kuba yingozi, ngenxa yezingozi ezibangelwa izifo, ukulimala kanye nezingozi. Abantu abasinda kule nkathi engozini yokuphila bangenza kube ukuguga.
Ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana nekholera , isifo sofuba nesifo se- ingulube sizoqhubeka nokunciphisa isikhathi eside, kodwa akekho esikhaleni esibuhlungu njengesiyaluyalu se-bubonic ekhulwini le-14.
Isihlupho Esimnyama sathuthela e-Asia naseYurophu, saqeda cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu baseYurophu, ukushintsha isikhathi sokuphila phansi okwesikhashana.
Kusukela kuma-1800 kuya namhlanje
Kusukela kuma-1500 kuya phambili, kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka we-1800, ukulindeleka kokuphila kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaphakama phakathi kweminyaka engu-30 no-40 ubudala. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, uFinch ubhala ukuthi ukuhlala esikhathini sokuzalwa sekuphindwe kabili esikhathini esiyizizukulwane eziyishumi kuphela. Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuthuthukisiwe, ukuhlanzeka kwendle, ukugoma, ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile, nokudla okunomsoco konke kubalwa ukwanda okukhulu.
Nakuba kunzima ukucabanga, odokotela baqala ukugeza izandla zabo ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa phakathi nawo-1800. Ukuqonda okungcono ukuhlanzeka nokudluliselwa kwamagciwane sekuvele kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Izifo zase zivamile, kodwa, futhi zathinta isikhathi sokuphila. Ama-parasites, i- typhoid , kanye nezifo ezinjenge- rheumatic fever kanye nomkhuhlane omnyama zazivamile phakathi nawo-1800.
Ngisho njengoba nje nje ngo-1921, amazwe afana neCanada ayenesisindo sokushona kwezingane cishe ngamaphesenti ayishumi, okusho ukuthi oyedwa kwabantwana abangu-10 abazange baphile. Ngokusho kwe-Statistics Canada, lokhu kwakusho isikhathi sokuphila noma izinga lokusinda isilinganiso ezweni lelo eliphakeme eminyakeni yobudala eyodwa kunokuzalwa-isimo esiqhubeka kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1980.
Namuhla amazwe amaningi asezikhungweni eziqhayisa izibalo zeminyaka engaphezu kweminyaka engama-75, ngokusho ngokuqhathaniswa okwenziwa yiCentral Intelligence Agency.
Esikhathini esizayo
Abanye abacwaningi baye babikezela ukuthi izinto zokuphila ezinjengekukhuluphala kuzomisa noma ziguqule ukukhuphuka kokulindeleka kokuphila ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wamanje. I-epidemiologists kanye nama-gerontologists anjengo-S. Jay Olshanky axwayisa ukuthi e-United States-lapho izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomphakathi zikhulu ngokweqile noma zikhuluphele-ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nezinkinga zayo, njengesifo sikashukela , zinganciphisa kakhulu ukulindela impilo yonke iminyaka engxenyeni yokuqala Ikhulu lama-21.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuphakama kokulinda kwezeMpilo eNtshonalanga kuletha izindaba ezinhle nokubi-kuhle ukuhlala isikhathi eside, kodwa manje usengozini kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zezifo ezithinta njengoba ukhula. Lezi zifo ezihlobene nobudala zihlanganisa isifo se-coronary , isifo esithile sikashukela, isifo sikashukela, nesifo sengqondo se-dementia .
Ngenkathi zingathinta ubuningi kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila , eziningi zalezi zimo zingavinjelwa noma okungenani ziphuze ngokusebenzisa izinketho zokuphila ezinempilo ezifana nokulandela ukudla okuguga , ukugcina isisindo esinempilo, ukusebenzisa njalo nokugcina ama-hormone okucindezeleka njenge-cortisol.
Imithombo:
> Beltrán-Sánchez H, uCrimmins EM, i-Finch CE. Ukufa kwabantu basekuqaleni kubikezela izinga lokuguga eqenjini: ukuhlaziywa komlando. I-Journal of Origins of Developmental Health kanye Nezifo . 2012; 3 (05): 380-386. i-doi: 10.1017 / s2040174412000281.
> Ukuqhathaniswa kwezwe: Ukulindela Ukuphila Ekuzalweni. I-Central Central Intelligence Agency (i-CIA) Ishidi Lolwazi Lomphakathi. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html.
> Finch CE. Ukuguquka kwempilo yabantu nezifo zokuguga: Izindlela zokutheleleka, ukuvuvukala nokudla. I-PNAS , uJanuwari 26, 2010, umv. 107, amakhasi 1718-1724.
> Ezempilo Ngethuba: Ukungalingani Ekuphileni Okulindeleke Ekuzalweni. I-Statistique Canada Ishidi Lokwazisa Lomphakathi. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm
> I-Olshansky SJ, amaCarnes BA. "Ikusasa lokuphila kwesikhathi eside," kuyi- International Handbook of Population Aging , umhleli we-Uhlenberg P., umhleli. (ENew York, NY: Springer;), 731-745. 2009.