Kufanele uvakashele udokotela wakho ngaphambi kokuthatha noma yikuphi ukuhamba okude. Lezi ezinye zezigomo angase azifune ukuthi ucabange ngazo:
Isiqhwaga
I-typhoid yi-infection evamile kanye neyingozi ebhakthekeni emhlabeni jikelele. Isakazeka uma kungenakwanele okuhlanzeka kwendle, akukho izindlu zangasese ezihlanzekile, nangenxa yokudla namanzi angcolile. Kungabangela imfiva eqhubekayo, ubuhlungu besisu, isifo sohudo noma ukuqothulwa, ukulahlekelwa isifiso, ukukhanda ikhanda nokushona.
I-typhoid ingaba yingozi futhi ingadinga ukuhlinzwa okuphuthumayo kwesisu.
Ikakhulukazi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, isifo se-typhoid siyaqhubeka sinqabela kuma-antibiotic. Ukwelashwa, nakuba kuyatholakala, kungenzeka ukuthi akuphumelelanga. Kungcono ukuzama ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngokugoma ngaphambi kokuhamba ukuya ezindaweni eziningi zase-Asia, Afrika, noma eNingizimu noma eNingizimu Melika.
I-hepatitis A
I-Hepatitis A idluliselwa ngamanzi angcolile noma ukudla, ikakhulukazi i-shellfish noma ukudla okuthintwa ngumpheki noma omunye isisebenzi sokudla ogulayo. Kubuye kwenzeke lapho ukuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka kwesandla akuvikeleki kulo. Kuyinto igciwane elibangela izifo zesibindi ezibhekene nomkhuhlane omncane, ubuhlungu obuhlangene nobunamahloni, isifo sohudo, bese kuthi emva kwesikhathi ubuhlungu besisu, umchamo omnyama, izigqoko eziluhlaza, neso nesikhumba esiphuzi-kubonakala ngaphansi kolimi.
I-hepatitis B
I-Hepatitis B yisifo esingabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwesibindi esasakazwa ngegazi, ukulala, noma izinaliti.
Labo abenza ucansi nomlingani omusha, basebenze emtholampilo wezokwelapha, bahlele umdwebo noma ukubhoboza, noma bahlele ukuba nenqubo yezokwelapha kufanele bagonywe. Umgomo uyisimiso ngesikhathi sokuzalwa noma esemncane e-US futhi abadala abaningi abangazange bagonywe bavame ukukhuthazwa ukuba bagonywe.
AmaRabi
Ama-rabiya igciwane elivela ekulumeni, ekukhokheni, emanxebeni, noma eminye yokuxhumana nezilwane ezinegciwane kanye / noma amathe. Kukhona ukwelashwa okuncane kangako ngakho ukugoma kwangaphambi kokugcoba, kanye nokuvezwa kwe-post ngaphambi kwezimpawu, kubalulekile.
Igciwane (futhi ngezinye izikhathi isifo esifanayo esibangela, igciwane elihlobene) litholakala ikakhulu ezinja nasezintwini ezindaweni ezithile zase-Afrika, e-Asia, naseCentral naseNingizimu Melika. Ingatholakala kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kusukela kumakati kuya kuma-weasles kuya ezinkomeni. E-US, amakati angase abe nama-rabies kunezinja . Iningi laseYurophu, iNew Zealand, i-Australia, i-Antartica, neCaribbean (ngaphandle kweHaiti neDominican Republic) ayinamahloni.
Uchungechunge lokugoma lithatha amahlumela amathathu ukuze udinga ukuhlela ngaphambi kwamasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuhamba. Umgomo ungabiza. Kodwa-ke, imishanguzo ye-rabies ayitholakali yonke indawo emhlabeni futhi uma udalulwa ungadinga ukuphuma ngokushesha (ngosuku) lokugoma ekhaya.
Ipholiyo
I-polio igciwane eliqedile ukuqedwa . Kodwa-ke, ukugoma kuyadingeka uma umuntu ehamba kunoma yiziphi izindawo okwamanje ezijikeleza ipholiyo. Amacala atholakale ngo-2014 ePakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Somalia, Equatorial Guinea, Iraq, Cameroon, Syria, Ethiopia, South Sudan naseMadagascar, kanti amanye amacala avela emithonjeni ebuthakathaka ehambisana nomgomo hhayi izifo ezijwayelekile ze-wildtype.
I-polio ingatholakala nasemanzini, lapho ingaba khona khona. Kuye kwaba nokubona eminyakeni embalwa edlule emanzini kwa-Israyeli nase-West Bank, kanye naseNdiya naseNigeria, nakwezinye izindawo.
Kodwa-ke, ukutheleleka kwe-Polio e-wildtype kutholakale kuphela emazweni amabili kusukela ngo-2015-Afghanistan nasePakistain. Lokhu kubalulekile. Igciwane lingasuswa.
Ukuze uhambo oluya kulezi zindawo uchungechunge oluphelele kanye ne-booster eyodwa edutshulwa abantu abadala kuyadingeka. Ukugonywa kunconywa futhi ukuba uhambe ezindaweni ezingengozi yokungeniswa kwezilonda ezifana neBenin, Central African Republic (CAR), Chad, esifundazweni sase-Xinjiang eChina, Djibouti, eGibhithe, e-Eritrea, eGabon, e-Iran, eJordani, eKenya, eLebhanon, eNiger, Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Sudan, Turkey, ne-Yemen.
I-Yellow Fever
I-Yellow Fever isakazeke ngo-2016 e-Angola, i-DRC, nasemaphandleni kwenye indawo-njengasezindaweni ezikude ePeru nase-Uganda. Kuyisifo esingajwayelekile kodwa esingathí sina segciwane lesandulela ngculaza sisakazwa yizinyosi ezifanayo ezasakaza i-Dengue. Itholakala kuphela kwinani elinganiselwe lamazwe. Iningi alikho izimpawu noma izimpawu ezincane . Kodwa abanye bafa. Ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kwezintathu emva kokuchayeka, ziyoba nomkhuhlane ophezulu, ukukhanda ikhanda, ukucabangela, ukuhlanza, izihlungu zomzimba, nokulahlekelwa ukudla. Cishe amaphesenti angu-15 alabo abanezimpawu bazoqhubeka ne-jaundice, ukwehluleka kwezinso, nokugeleza; iningi labantu abazofa. Ayikho ukwelashwa okuqondile.
Umuthi uvame ukudingwa ukuba ungene kumazwe ane-Yellow Fever-noma uhambo oluvela emazweni ane-Yellow Fever kwenye. Lawa mazwe aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Afrika nasezindaweni eziningi eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi enkabenikazikazi nase-Amazon.
Uhlu lwamanye amazwe e-Yellow fever ngo-2015 luhlanganisa i-Angloa, iBenin, iBurkina Faso, iBurundi, iCameroon, i-Central African Republic, i-Chad, iRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo, i-Cote d'Ivoire, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, i-Equatorial Guinea, i-Ethiopia, iGabon, iGambia, I-Ghana, i-Guinea, i-Guinea-Bissau, i-Kenya, i-Liberia, i-Mali, i-Mauritania, i-Niger, iNigeria, i-Rwanda, iSenegal, iSierra Leone, i-Sudan, iSouth Sudan, i-Togo, i-Uganda, i-Argentina, i-Bolivia, iBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador, i-French Guiana, i-Guyana , EPanama, eParaguay, ePeru, eSuriname, eTrinidad naseTobago, eVenezuela.
Ngenxa yokuthi igciwane alitholakali kuwo wonke lawa mazwe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuphela ezindaweni ezithile, umgomo ungase ungadingeki kuwo wonke uhambo. Noma kunjalo, ukuvakashela emazweni amaningi noma kulawa mazwe kuvame ukudingwa imibhalo yegciwane le-Yellow Fever. Umgomo kumele uthathwe izinsuku ezingu-10 ngaphambi kokuhamba. Kungaba nzima ukuthola umgomo futhi ngakho ukuhlela ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuyasiza.
I-Encephalitis yaseJapane (JE)
Lokhu ukutheleleka kungavamile futhi kunegciwane lesandulela ngculaza aligulisi kakhulu, kepha ngenxa yezifo ezimbalwa ukutheleleka kuyingozi kakhulu, kunciphise futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyingozi. I-virus, engabangela izinkinga ezinkulu ze-neurologic, itholakala ezingxenyeni ezithile zase-Asia naseWestern Pacific, ngokuqubuka okuphawulekayo kwezinye izingxenye zaseNdiya ngesikhathi sehlobo.
Khuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma lo mgomo udinga ukuhamba kwakho. Umgomo ohlinzekwa e-US udinga ukulinganisa kwezinsuku ezingu-28 ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sokugcina ngesonto elilodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuhamba. Akudingekile kubo bonke abahamba emazweni abathintekayo njengoba ukudluliselwa kungenzeki kuzo zonke izingxenye. Kulabo abahamba ngaphandle kwezindawo zasemadolobheni okungenani inyanga eyodwa ngesikhathi sokudlulisela i-JE, umgomo ubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kungabalulekile nokuhamba kwesikhathi esifushane. Ilayisensi yalezo zinyanga ezimbili ezindala nangaphezulu. Ukufakwa kwe-booster kungadingeka.
I-Malaria
I-Malaria ayinayo imithi yokugoma. Kufanele ukhulume nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuqala i- prophylaxis ye-malaria ngaphambi kokuba uhambe.
I-Dengue, i-Chikungunya, ne-TB
Ayikho imithi yokugoma. Qaphela ngamanyane ezindaweni ezingase zibe ne- Dengue noma i- Chikungunya .
Zika
Ayikho imithi yokugoma, kodwa kufanele uzame ukugwema izinambuzane , njenge-malaria, i-dengue, ne- chikungunya , ikakhulukazi uma wena, umlingani wakho, noma umlingani wakho ozayo uzokhulelwa noma ucabanga ngokukhulelwa. Igciwane lingasakazwa yizinyosi nangokwecansi.
Amagciwane Okufanele Ube Okwesikhashana
Ama-Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)
Kufanele ube nezibhamu ezimbili. Uma uhamba nezingane ezincane, kufanele ziveze imithi yabo kuqala. Uma ingane yakho iphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha nonyaka, kufanele ibe nomthamo owodwa. Uma umntwana wakho okungenani uneminyaka eyodwa ubudala, kufanele abe namanani amabili (ahlukaniswe izinsuku ezingu-28), nakuba ama-dose amabili avame ukunikezwa ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya kwezi-15 neminyaka engu-4 kuya kweyisithupha. Awufuni ukuthola ama- Measles noma uvumele ukuba usakaze kulabo abasengozini kakhulu.
I-Varicella (i-Chickenpox)
Uma ungenalo ukutheleleka , kufanele uthole umgomo.
I-Diphtheria-iTetanus-Pertussis
Qinisekisa ukuthi unomuthi wokugoma we- tetanus eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Labo abanenxeba elingcolile futhi abazange bagonywe i- tetanus eminyakeni emihlanu edlule (iminyaka eyishumi kwilonda elihlanzekile) bayodinga umuthi wokugoma we-tetanus. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ezinye ziphuthumisa izikhukhula zabo ze-tetanus. Awudingi ukuthola i-Diphtheria noma i-Pertussis-noma usakazelele kumuntu obhekene nengozi kakhulu.
Umkhuhlane
Kufanele ube nomkhuhlane wakho wonyaka wesifo . Ungakhohlwa ukuthi kungase kube ebusika kwenye i-hemisphere. Imishanguzo yemfuluwenza ye-hemispheres eseningizimu neyakusenyakatho ikhethwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngeke uthande ukubamba umkhuhlane futhi ube nomsebenzi omkhulu ukuze uthole isifo esishisayo.