Ukutadisha ukuguga - i-gerontology - yisayensi entsha kakhulu eyenziwe yenze inqubekela phambili enhle eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule. Esikhathini esedlule, ososayensi bafuna idokodo elilodwa elachaza ukuguga. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamavesi asebekhulile. Iqembu lokuqala lithi ukuguga kuyimvelo futhi kuhlelwe emzimbeni, kanti iqembu lesibili lezinkolelo zokuguga lithi ukuguga kuyimbangela yomonakalo oqoqwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ekugcineni, ukuguga kuyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana kwezakhi zofuzo, amakhemikhali, umzimba kanye nokuziphatha.
Imibono yokuguga
Ngokuqonda nokuchaza ukuthi sibadala kanjani, abacwaningi baye bahlakulela imibono ehlukahlukene yokuguga. Lezi zigaba ezimbili ziyizintambo ezihleliwe nezinkolelo zamaphutha.
- Izinkomba ezihleliwe zifakazela ukuthi umzimba womuntu wenzelwe ukudala futhi kunesikhathi esithile semvelo esilandelayo imizimba yethu.
- Ukulungiswa kwesikhathi eside: Ukuguga kubangelwa amajethi athile ashintsha futhi avaliwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- I-Endocrine Theory : Izinguquko kuma-hormone zilawula ukuguga.
- Imfundiso ye-immunological : Isivikelo somzimba sokuzivikela siklanyelwe ukwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sishiye abantu ukuba banwe nezifo.
- I-Error Theories ithi ukuguga kubangelwa ukulimala kwemvelo emiphakathini yethu yomzimba, eqoqa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Gqoka futhi Uqede : Amaseli kanye nezicubu ziphela nje.
- Amanani okuphila : Ngokushesha isakhi esisebenzisa i-oksijini, isikhashana siphila.
- Ukuxhumanisa iziphambano: Amaprotheni ahlanganisiwe aqoqa futhi anciphise izinqubo zomzimba.
- Ama-Radicals amahhala : Ama-radicals amahhala abangela umonakalo kumaseli ekugcineni awonakele ukusebenza.
- I-DNA ye-Somatic Ukulimala : Ukuguquguquka kwe-genetic kubangela ukuthi amangqamuzana angasebenzi kahle.
I-Genetics nokuguga
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zingadlala indima enkulu ekugugeni. Lapho abacwaningi behlela izakhi zofuzo kwezinye izigundane, amaseli emvubelo, nezinye izinto eziphilayo, angaba cishe kabili impilo yalezi zidalwa. Incazelo yalezi zivivinyo kubantu aziwa, kepha abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-genetics i-akhawunti ye-genetics ibe ngamaphesenti angama-35 okuhluka kokuguga phakathi kwabantu.
Eminye imiqondo ebalulekile ezakhiweni kanye nokuguga ihlanganisa:
- Izilwanyana Zomzimba: Kukhona izakhi zofuzo ezisiza umuntu aphile isikhathi eside.
- I-senescence yeselula : Inqubo yilapho amaseli ahlahloka khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- I-Telomeres: Izakhiwo ezisemaphethelweni e-DNA ekugcineni aphelile, okwenza amaseli ayeke ukuphindaphindiwe.
- Ama-Stem Cell: Lawa maseli angaba yiluphi uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni futhi abambe isithembiso sokulungisa umonakalo obangelwa ukuguga.
I-biochemistry
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izakhi ozozizuza njengefa, umzimba wakho uqhubeka uphathwa ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biochemical. Ezinye zezimpendulo zidala ukulimala futhi, ekugcineni, ukuguga emzimbeni. Ukufunda lezi zinkimbinkimbi ukusabela kusiza abacwaningi ukuthi baqonde ukuthi umzimba uguquka kanjani njengoba unyaka. Imiqondo ebalulekile ku-biochemistry yokuguga ihlanganisa:
- Ama-Radicals amahhala: Ama-molecule e-oxygen engaqiniseki angalimaza amangqamuzana.
- Ama-protein Cross-Linking: Ushukela owedlulele ekusakazeni kwegazi kungabangela ama-molecule wamaprotheni ukuba ahlangane ndawonye.
- Ukulungisa i-DNA: Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, amasu emzimbeni wokulungisa i-DNA abonakala engasebenzi kahle kubantu asebekhulile.
- Ukushisa Amaprotheni Okushisa: Lawa amaprotheni asiza amangqamuzana asinde ekucindezelekeni futhi akhona ngamanani ambalwa kubantu asebekhulile.
- Amakhomoni: Ama-hormone omzimba ashintsha njengoba sisebudala, okwenza ushintsho oluningi emisebenzini yesitho neminye imisebenzi.
Izinhlelo Zomzimba
Njengoba sikhula, izitho zomzimba zethu nezinye izinhlelo zenza izinguquko. Lezi zinguquko zishintsha ukutholakala kwethu ezifweni ezihlukahlukene. Abacwaningi baqala ukuqonda izinqubo ezibangela ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinkambisweni zomzimba wethu. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ngoba imiphumela eminingi yokuguga ihlonishwa okokuqala emzimbeni wethu. Nakhu okuningiliziwe ukuthi ezinye izinhlelo zomzimba zikhula kanjani:
- Ukuguga kwenhliziyo: Inhlitiyo yezinhliziyo ifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala njengempendulo yokuqina kwemithambo yegazi. Inhliziyo enamandla kakhulu inezinga eliphansi lokupompa.
- Ukuguga Kwesimiso Sokuzivikela Emzimbeni: Amaseli e-T athatha isikhathi eside ukuze agcwalise kubantu asebekhulile kanye nekhono labo lokusebenza ukwehla.
- Imishanguzo nokuguga: Imishanguzo ijwayele ukukhukhuma ngeminyaka yobudala, okwenze kube nzima ngenhliziyo ukupompa igazi ngabo.
- Ukuguga kwesilonda: Umthamo omkhulu wamapayipi unganciphisa cishe amaphesenti angu-40 phakathi kweminyaka engu-20 no-70.
- Ukuguga kwesibindi: Njengenkathi yobuchopho, ezinye zokuxhumana phakathi kwe-neurons kubonakala zinciphisa noma ziphansi kakhulu. Lokhu akukaqondwa kahle.
- Ukuguga kwezinso: Izinso zingasebenzi kahle ekuhlanzeni imfucuza emzimbeni.
- Ukuguga kwesilonda : Isilinganiso esiphelele sesisindo sesikhumba kanye nezicubu zingase zenze i-atrophy, ebangele ukungabikho.
- Amafutha omzimba nokuguga: Amafutha omzimba akhula kuze kube seminyaka ephakathi bese isisindo siqala ukwehla. Amafutha omzimba nawo ahamba ngokujulile emzimbeni njengoba sisebudala.
- Ukuguga Kwemisipha: I- muscle ithoni iyancipha ngamaphesenti angu-22 ngeminyaka engu-70, nakuba ukuzivocavoca kunganciphisa lokhu kwehla.
- Ukuguga kweThambo: Kusukela eneminyaka engu-35, amathambo ethu aqala ukulahlekelwa amandla. Ukuhamba, ukugijima nokuqeqesha kunganciphisa le nqubo.
- Ukubuka nokuguga: Kusukela kuma-40s, kunzima ukubona imininingwane eseduzane ingaqala.
- Ukuzwa nokuguga : Njengoba abantu bekhula, ikhono lokuzwa amazinga aphezulu linciphisa.
Izici zokuziphatha
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi eziningi zalezi zimbangela zokuguga zingashintshwa ngokuziphatha kwakho:
- Ngokudla ukudla okugcwele ama- antioxidants , unganciphisa umonakalo obangelwa ama-radicals mahhala.
- Ngokuzivocavoca, ungakwazi ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwethambo nokusikhipha emisipha.
- Ngokugcina i- cholesterol yakho iphansi, unganciphisa ukuqina kwemithambo yakho futhi uvikele inhliziyo yakho.
- Ngokuzikhandla kwengqondo, ungagcina ubuchopho bubukhali.
Izindlela zokuphila ziye zaboniswa nokwandisa ukuphila. Amagundane namagundane ekudleni okukhawulelwe khalori (amaphesenti angu-30 ambalwa amakholori wansuku zonke) ahlala kuze kube ngamaphesenti angu-40 ubude. Ukucabanga okunengqondo kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kwandisa impilo kubantu kuze kube ngu-7.5.
Umthombo:
> Ukuguga Ngaphansi kweMicroscope; Izikhungo Zempilo Zesizwe, i-National Institute > ye- Aging.