Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ekukhulelwe kanye nabantu abane-HIV
I-Toxoplasmosis (eyaziwa nangokuthi "toxo") ibangelwa i-single-celled parasite eyaziwa ngokuthi i- Toxoplasma gondii. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukudliwa kokudla okungcolile noma ngokuxhumana ngeso lengqondo ngomuthi wesikhumba. I-parasite nayo ingadluliselwa kusuka kumama kuya kwengane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa futhi, ngokungajwayelekile, ngesikhathi sokuguqula isitho noma isitshalo se-stem cell.
Ngokwezibalo ezivela ku-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, abantu abayi-13.2% base-US abangaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu banesifo sikaT. gondii (noma abantu abangaba ngu-39 million).
Ngenkathi isifo ngokuvamile sibangela ukumbalwa, noma ngabe kukhona, izimpawu , kungashintsha abantu abanohlelo lokuzivikela omzimba noma izingane ezisenesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ngokuqonda izimbangela nezingozi ze-toxoplasmosis, ungathatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka nganoma yisiphi isigaba empilweni.
Imizila Yokudluliswa
I- t. gondii i- parasite itholakala emhlabeni wonke futhi kuzo zonke izilwane ezifudumele. Ukudluliselwa kwe- T. gondii kuyingqayizivele ngoba kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: noma ngokudla inyama enesifo noma ukungena ngengozi yesikhumba.
Isidalwa esithintekayo
Uma usulelekile, isimiso somzimba samasosha omzimba (noma isilwane noma umuntu) siyovame ukulawula ukutheleleka. Nokho, i-parasite ayanyamalala. Kunalokho, kungena esimweni se-dormancy, okwakhiwa ama-cysts amancane ezinhlakeni (okuthiwa ama-bradyzoites) kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba.
Uma umuntu esidla isilwane esithathelelekile, lezi zinhlayiya ze-tissue zingakwazi ukuphinde zikwazi ukungena ezigungwini ezakhiwe ngokugcwele (ezaziwa ngokuthi tachyzoites) futhi kubangele ukutheleleka.
I-Cat Feces
Amakati, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi asemakhaya noma asemasimini, ahlukile kulowo T. gondii angaphila futhi akhiqize emgqeni wamathumbu esilwane. Phakathi kwalezi zicubu, ama-parasite angakhipha ama-cysts amancane, okuthiwa i-oocysts, akhululwa yizigidi ezinqeni zesikhumba.
Lawa ma-oocysts aphindaphindiwe-alungile futhi akwazi ukusinda ezinyangeni eziningi emazingeni ashisayo abanda noma abandayo ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo esiqinile.
Bangakwazi futhi basinde futhi baqhubekele emithonjeni yamanzi.
Uma sekugonywe, i-oocysts iqhutshwa inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-excystation lapho i-parasite ikhishwa khona futhi ikwazi ukuthelela amaseli we-digestive tract, amaphaphu, nezinye izinhlelo zesitho.
Izimbangela ezivamile
I-toxoplasmosis ivame ukwenzeka lapho ama-oocysts e- T. gondii noma ama-cysts amathishu edla ngengozi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho:
- Uyadla inyama enesifo esesibhakabhaka noma esingaphansi (ikakhulukazi ingulube, iwundlu, noma inyamazane).
- Uphatha inyama enegciwane noma izindawo zokuthinta noma izitsha ezingcoliswe inyama eluhlaza.
- Wena ngokungcola udla izinhlanzi zesikhumba ngenkathi uhlanza ibhokisi lensimbi noma ingadi enhlabathini engcolile.
- Udla izithelo nemifino engahlanjululwanga eye yathinte inhlabathi engcolile nge-cat feces.
- Uphuza amanzi anonakele ngamathambo ekati.
- Udla imikhiqizo yobisi engahlosiwe engcolile.
- Udla ukudla okudla okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okungcolile.
Ingozi Phakathi Nokukhulelwa
I-toxoplasmosis ekhulile ifaka lapho i- T. gondii idluliselwa kusuka kumama ukuya emntwaneni ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Lokhu kuvame ukukwenzeka uma umama esenwe yisifo ngesikhathi ukhulelwe ngokwayo noma ezinyangeni ezintathu eziholela ekukhulelwe.
Ukuthola igciwane akusho ukuthi umntwana wakho uzosuleleka. Eqinisweni, ngesikhathi sokuqala kwe-trimester yokuqala, ingozi izoba ngaphansi (ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayisithupha).
Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka, ingozi izokhula kancane kancane. Nge-trimester yesithathu, izinkinga zokudlulisela zingakwazi ukugijima kusuka kumaphesenti angama-60 kuya ku-80%.
Ngokuvamile, ukudluliselwa kungenziwa kumama osuvele wegciwane le-T. gondii. Sibona lokhu ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abane-HIV . Phakathi kwalaba besifazane, ama-bradyzoites angase avuselele futhi abe nesifo esithathelwanayo. Ingozi ikhula ukwanda ngokubambisana nokunciphisa ukusebenza komzimba.
Ubani Osesengozini?
Ngenkathi inengozi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ihamba ngokulingana neyomphakathi jikelele, ucwaningo oluvela kwiCenters for Disease Control and Prevention lubonisa izici ezingu-11 ezibeka owesifazane okhulelwe engozini enkulu yokutheleleka kwe- T. gondii :
- Ukunikeza ikati
- Ukuhlanza ibhokisi lodoti
- Yidla ingulube eluhlaza noma engaphekiwe, i-mutton, iwundlu, inyama yenkomo, noma imikhiqizo yenyama
- Ukulima
- Yidla imifino eluhlaza noma engahlanjululwa noma izithelo
- Yidla imifino eluhlaza ngaphandle kwekhaya
- Ukuhlangana nomhlabathi
- Ukugeza imikhiphe ekhishini njalo
- Ukuba nokuhlanzeka kwesandla
- Ukuhamba ngaphandle kweYurophu, eCanada, noma e-United States
- Ukuphuza amanzi angagciniwe emthonjeni ongcolisiwe
Ingozi ene-HIV
I-toxoplasmosis ibhekwa njengendlela yokutheleleka okungenayo amathuba (i-OI) kubantu abane-HIV ngoba kubangelwa ukugula kuphela uma isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siphelile kakhulu. Singakwazi ukulinganisa lokhu ngenani lamaseli e- CD4 T egazini lethu. Abantu abanempilo bayoba nomaphi kusuka ku-800 kuya ku-1,500 wamaseli esampula yegazi. Labo abangaphansi kuka-200 basengozini yokukhula okuqhubekayo kwe-OIs engathí sina futhi ebulalayo.
Kubantu abaningi abanesandulela ngculaza , ukutheleleka kwe- T. gondii akukatholakali kodwa kunalokho ukuvuselelwa kokutheleleka okudlule. Uma inani le- CD4 yomuntu ligcwala ngaphansi kwe-50, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisakwazi ukugcina ama-Bradyzoites ahlale ekhona.
Ama-bradyzoites, athatha ithuba, azoguqula abe ama-tachyzoite futhi avuke ama-tissue namazombe lapho afakwe kuwo. Lezi zivame ukubandakanya uhlelo lobuchopho nolwasemgogodla (CNS toxoplasmosis), amehlo (i-toxoplasmosis eye-ocular), namaphaphu (i-toxoplasmosis yamaphaphu).
Ngenhlanhla, ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral asetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukutheleleka nge-HIV kungavimbela ukuthi igciwane 'liphindaphinda. Ngokwenza kanjalo, inani legciwane lesandulela ngculaza lingasuswa emazingeni angabonakali , okuvumela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sikwazi ukuzivuselela futhi sibeke iT. gondii emuva.
Ingozi Evela Ezingxenyeni Zomzimba
Ukufakelwa kwezitho ezithintekile nge- T. gondii nakho kungabangela ukutheleleka kumamukeli womzimba. Lokhu kuvame ukubonwa ngenhliziyo, izinso, kanye nokufakelwa kwesibindi kanye nokuguquka kwe- hematopoietic kanye ne- allogeneic stem cell.
Ngenkathi kungacabangela ukucabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyoba yingozi ukuthi umamukeli angeke abe nokuzivikela ekusebenzeni kabusha kwe- T. gondii , ucwaningo kuze kube manje luye lwaphikisana kakhulu.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe eNetherlands ngo-2013 lwaphetha ngokuthi ukudluliselwa kwe- T. gondii ngesikhathi sokufakelwa kwenhliziyo akuzange kube nomthelela ezikhathini zokuphila ezigulini ezingu-577 ezazitholwa ukuhlinzwa kokufakelwa phakathi kuka-1984 no-1011. Kulezi zingu-324 ezivivinyelwe uT. gondii.
Ngokuphambene, isifundo esincane esivela eMexico ngo-2017 sibheke amacala angu-20 okudluliselwa kwe- T. gondii okwenzeka ngenxa yokufakelwa kwesibindi. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, iziguli ezingu-14 (noma amaphesenti angu-70) kwakudingeka ziphathwe ukulungiswa kabusha kwe- T. gondii ngemva kokufakelwa. Kulaba, amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili (noma ama-40) afa ngenxa yokutheleleka.
Naphezu kobufakazi obuphikisanayo, i- Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) eyasungulwa yi-US Congress ngo-1984, inqume ukuthi zonke izitho ezinikeziwe zihlolwe njalo ngo- T. gondii. Lezo zivivinyo eziqondile azikasuswa ohlwini lokunikezela kodwa zivumelaniswe nabaxhasi abahlola futhi abahle.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. "Izinambuzane - I-Toxoplasmosis (I-Toxoplasma Disease): Ukuvimbela Nokulawula." E-Atlanta, eGeorgia; ibuyekezwe ngoJanuwari 10, 2013.
> Galván-Ramírez, M .; Sánchez-Orozco, L .; Gutiérrez-Maldonado, A. et al. "Ingabe ukutheleleka kwe-Toxoplasma gondii kuthinta imiphumela yokufakelwa kwesibindi? Ukubuyekeza okuhlelekile." I- J Med Microbiol. 2018. INGABE: 10.1099 / jmm.0.000694.
> Jones, J .; I-Kurzson-Moran, D .; Rivera, H. et al. " Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence e-United States ka-2009-2010 futhi kuqhathaniswa neDlule Iminyaka Eyishumi Nambili. " Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014; 90 (6): 1135-1139. I-DOI: 10.4269 / ajtmh.14-0013.
> UMnyango wezeMpilo waseMelika kanye nezinsizakalo zabasebenzi. "Imihlahlandlela Yokuvimbela Nokunakekelwa Kwezifo Ezingavamile Ezinganeni Ezikhulelwe Ne- Adolescent" . I-Rockville, e-Maryland; ibuyekeziwe ngo-Okthoba 28, 2015.
> van Hellemond, J .; van Domburg, R .; Caliskan, A. et al. "I-Toxoplasma gondii i-Serostatus ayihlanganiswanga nokuPhelelwa kanzima isikhathi eside emva kokufakelwa kwenhliziyo." Ukufakelwa kwezitshalo. 2013; 96 (12): 1052-58. I-DOI: 10.1097 / TP.0b013e3182a9274a.