Lokho Abayikho Futhi Indlela Abathintekayo Ngayo Izifo
Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa nge-receptors ye-NMDA ngenkathi ufunda ngesifo noma imithi, kodwa uyaqonda ukuthi bangobani nokuthi kungani ebalulekile?
Okokuqala, kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi sisho ukuthini nge-receptor. Ebuchosheni bakho, uneqembu lama cell called neurons. Lawa angamaseli athumela futhi athola izifiso zombane ezilawula umzimba wakho.
I-Neurons ikhethekile-ngayinye ikhuluma kuphela ngezinhlobo ezithile zolwazi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-neuron eyodwa ingadlulisela ulwazi ebuhlungu nokushisa kodwa ayihlangene nokubona okubukwayo noma ukufunda ulwazi olusha.
Amakhemikhali athuthela ulwazi kusukela ku-neuron kuya kwi-neuron abizwa ngokuthi i-neurotransmitters. Ezinye zezinto eziziwa kangcono zihlanganisa i-serotonin ne-dopamine. Ama-neurotransmitters agxile kwezinye izinhlobo zolwazi, futhi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-serotonin ihilelekile emjikelezweni wokulala, kanti i-dopamine iphathelene nokuhamba nokulutha.
Ukuze uthole i-neurotransmitter ukuhambisa izimpawu nge-neuron, okokuqala kufanele "ivule" it. Yilapho i-receptors ingena khona. Cabanga ngamamukeli njengezikebhe zokuhamba noma amachweba kwikhompyutha yakho. Akuwona wonke umkhumbi ofanele kuwo wonke ama-slide, futhi akuzona zonke ikhebula ezihambisana nazo zonke izibuko. I-Neurotransmitters inezihluthulelo ezivula ukukhiya kwi-receptors ye-neuron, futhi lokho kuvumela ulwazi ukuba lugele nge-neurons yakho.
Yiziphi Abamukelayo be-NMDA
I-NMDA ibhekisela ku- N- methyl-D-aspartate, echaza ukumakhemikhali kwamakhemikhali. Abamukeli be-NMDA bahileleke ezinkambisweni eziningi ezibalulekile ebuchosheni bakho. Bakholelwa ukuthi bahileleke eziguleni eziningi ezihilela ubuchopho, futhi yizona ezihloswe zemithi ethile kadokotela.
Abamukeli be-NMDA bayingxenye ebalulekile yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-neuroplasticity, okuyisisekelo esho ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi ubuchopho bethu buyakwazi futhi buvumelaniswe kanjani-ukuthi bangakwazi kanjani ukufunda ulwazi olusha, okusho ukudala izindlela ezintsha phakathi kwama-neurons. Ngaphandle kokufunda izinto ezintsha, i-plasticity ivumela ubuchopho bakho ukuba bakha izindlela ezintsha lapho abantu abadala bebhujiswa, njengokulimala noma izifo.
Njengoba sikhula, ama-receptor ethu we-NMDA ngokwemvelo asebenza kancane kancane. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lokhu kwehla emisebenzini kuyingxenye yokunciphisa ukudala kwe-plasticity, okubangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo nokunciphisa ikhono lokufunda.
Abamukeli be-NMDA bangenye yezimvume ezimbalwa ezenza ama-painkillers opiate / opioid ebuchosheni bethu.
Abamukeli be-NMDA nama-Neurotransmitters
Ama-receptors we-NMDA angasebenza (avuliwe) ngokubopha nge-assortment of neurotransmitters, kuhlanganise:
- I-Glutamate
- Aspartate
- Glycine
- D-serine
Abamukeli be-NMDA basebenzisana nalaba baxhasi bezinhlelo zokuvuselela umsebenzi ezindaweni ezibuchopho bakho ezikusiza ufunde ulwazi olusha nolwazi lwezinkumbulo. Bavuselela futhi "bajabulele" ama-neurons. Yinto enhle, kodwa kuphela kuze kube iphuzu.
Uma i-neurons ihlala esimweni esithakazelisayo isikhathi eside kakhulu, ingaba ngaphezulu futhi iqala ukusebenza kabi.
Ekugcineni, baqine kakhulu ukuthi bayafa.
Lelo hlobo lokuqothula ngokweqile libizwa ngokuthi "i-excitotoxicity." I-glutamate ne-aspartate, ngokweqile, zombili zihlukaniswa njenge-excitotoxins. Ukuze sigcine i-excitotoxicity ekubulaleni amangqamuzana ethu obuchopho, sinezinzwa ze-neurotransmitters ezithulisa ama-neurons. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-inhibitors.
I-Glycine, enye yezimakhemikhali zobuchopho ezibopha nabamukeli be-NMDA, iyisimo sokuvimbela insipho yomgogodla, kodwa ikholelwa ukuthi iyinhlangano ebuchosheni.
Uma ubuchopho bethu bephilile futhi besebenza ngendlela efanele, izinzwa ze-neurotransmitter ezikhukhumezayo nezivimbelayo ngokuvamile zikwazi ukugcina izinto zilinganiselwe ngakho-ke ama-neurons ethu asemkhakheni wokudlulela ngokweqile.
Kodwa-ke, uma izinto zingasebenzi kahle-okungukuthi, i-receptor ayisebenzi kahle noma amazinga we-neurotransmitter ayengalingani-khona-ke singase siqale ukulahlekelwa ama-neurons ukuze enze i-excitotoxicity.
Imizimba yethu ayikwazi ukwenza ama-neurons amasha, ngakho-ke uma efa, silahlekelwe izingxenye ezingenakulondolozwa zobuchopho bethu. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi izinkinga ze-NMDA zokuthola imithwalo zikholelwa ukuthi zihileleke ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zesistimu zesisindo, kuhlanganise neziningi ezingenayo i-neurodegenerative.
Izifo ezixhunywe ku-NMDA Receptor Ukungasebenzi
Izifo ze-neurodeergenerative ezikholelwa ukuthi zixhunywe nezidakamizwa ze-NMDA zingasebenzi:
- Isifo se-Alzheimer's
- I-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Isifo sikaHuntington
- Isifo sikaParkinson
- Ukufa kwesifo
Eminye izimo zesistimu ezisenkonzweni yomswakama ngokubandakanyeka kokungenwa kwe-NMDA yemithwalo kufaka:
- I-Fibromyalgia
- Isifo sokuphelelwa yisikhathi esingapheli
- I-Migraine aura
- Ezinye izinhlobo zezinsizi
- Ukukhathazeka
- Ukucindezeleka
- I-schizophrenia
- I-post-traumatic stress disorder
- Isifo esibhekene naso-obsessive-compulsive
Ezinye izimo ezingabandakanyi ukungasebenzi kwemisebenzi ye-NMDA zingase zizuze ezidakamizweni ezibhekise ku-NMDAR, njenge:
- Phobia
- Isibungu
- Ubuhlungu obuvela emithanjeni eyonakele (i- neuropathy )
E-phobias, i-NMDA receptor evuselela izidakamizwa ikholelwa ukuthi izosiza i-amygdala (ingxenye yengqondo ekhuluma ngokumesaba) iphinda ifunde izinhlangano ezintsha ezizosiza ukubhekana nokumesaba.
Ngokushaywa ucwaningo, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-glutamate evimbelayo nge-receptors ye-NMDA ingasiza ekunciphiseni umonakalo kumangqamuzana obuchopho obangelwa ukungabi khona kwe-oxygen.
Ngezinhlungu ze-neuropathic, lezi zidakamizwa zingasiza ekukhuliseni umphumela wabaphuli bezinhlungu ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwazo izindlela ze-opioid.
Ukwelashwa Okubhekiswe Abamukeli be-NMDA
I-Brain chemistry iyinto ekhohlisayo, futhi ukuyiphonsa ngaphandle kokudla kungaba yingozi kakhulu. Ngisho noma kubonakala kunengqondo ukuthi okuthile kungasiza ngezibonakaliso zakho, kubalulekile ukuthi ukhulume nodokotela ngaphambi kokuzama noma yini eguqulela umsebenzi we-NMDA (noma ezinye izici zendlela ubuchopho bakho obusebenza ngayo).
Izidakamizwa eziningi nezithako zikholelwa ukuthi zishintsha umsebenzi we-NMDA receptors. Bafika ngezindlela ezimbili eziphambene: abaphikisana nabagonist.
I-NMDA Yamukela Abathintekayo
Kungenzeka ukuthi uyazi kangcono igama elithi "umphikisi" uma libhekisela kumuntu wendaba-umlingisi ozama ukwehlisa noma ukuvimbela iqhawe ekufezeni imigomo yakhe. Ngomqondo wezokwelapha, abaphikisanayo yizidakamizwa eziphuza noma ezivimba izinto.
Endabeni ye-receptors ye-NMDA, abaphikisana nabo bavimbela ukwamukelwa, okusho ukuthi bavimbela izinkinga ze-neurotransmitter ekuvuleni lezi zamukeli. Izifo eziningi ze-neurodegeneneral kanye nezinye izinkinga zesistimu eziphakathi kwezinzwa ngezikhathi ezithile ziphathwa ngalezi zinhlobo zemithi.
Izidakamizwa ezihlukaniswa njengabaphikisi be-NMDA abathintekayo zihlanganisa:
- I-Namenda (i-memantine)
- I-Ketamine
- I-Chloroform
- Amanani aphezulu ka dextromethorphan (ukucindezela ukukhwehlela ku-Mucinex, uRobitussin, i-NyQuil nezinye izidakamizwa eziningi ngaphezulu)
- I-Strattera (i-atomoxetine)
- I-Symmetrel (i-amantadine)
Izithako kulesi sigaba zihlanganisa:
- Agmatine
- Arginine
- Huperzine A
- I-Zinc
Abameli be-NMDA Abamukelayo
"I-agonist" iphikisana nomphikisi; ivuselela noma ikhulise umsebenzi. Ama-agonists we-NMDA akwenza kube lula kubagibeli be-neurotransmitter ukuthi bafinyelele kula ma-receptors futhi bakhulise ukugeleza kolwazi ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho.
Lezi zidakamizwa ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziselwa ukuphatha izimo zengqondo nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kufaka phakathi i-schizophrenia kanye nemicabango yokuzibulala.
Amanye ama-agonists e-pharmaceutical receptor agonists yiwa:
- I-Clozaril (i-clozapine)
- I-Seromycin (i-cycloserine)
Ukwengeza, izibalo eziningana zokuhlolwa ze-NMDA ze-receptor zithola izivivinyo zokwelashwa ngokucindezeleka.
Izithako ezitholakala nge-NMDA receptor agonists zihlanganisa:
- Aspartic acid
- DHEA
- Theanine
Izwi elivela
Ukwazi nge-receptors ye-NMDA kungakusiza uthole ukuqonda okungcono kwesifo sakho kanye nokwelapha okungenzeka. Khumbula ukuthi lezi receptors ziyingxenye yesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi-ubuchopho bomuntu ungenye yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezikhona. Udokotela kuphela ongakwazi ukuxilonga futhi aphathe izimo ezibandakanya izinto ezifana ne-receptors nama-neurotransmitters.
Kuvamile ukucabanga ukuthi izithako "ziphephile" zokwelashwa, kodwa ngisho nezinto ezingokwemvelo zingabangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi zihlanganyele kabi ngemithi. Hlanganisa udokotela wakho kanye nommithi ezinqumweni zakho zokwelapha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awuzilimazi njengoba uzama ukuba ngcono.
> Imithombo:
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> Blanke ML, VanDongen AMJ. I-Biology ye-NMDA Receptor. I-1st ed. Baca Raton, FL: I-CRC Press / Taylor & Francis; 2009.
> Mohseni G, Ostadhadi S, Imran-Khan M, et al. I-Agmatine ithuthukisa umphumela ofana nokucindezeleka okufana ne-lithium egundini ukuphoqelelwa ukudoba ukuhlolwa ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-NMDA. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2017 Ngomhla; 88: 931-938. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopha.2017.01.119.
> Omusha JW, Farber NB, u-Olney JW. Umsebenzi we-NMDA, umemori, nokuguga kwengqondo. Izingxoxo ku-neuroscience emtholampilo. 2000 Sep; 2 (3): 219-32.
> Rondon LJ, Farges MC, Davin N, et al. Ukwengezwa kwe-L-Arginine kuvimbela i-allodynia kanye ne-hyperalgesia ezimpilweni ezihlukumezayo ze-diabetes neuropathic ngokujwayelekile ukugxila kwe-plasma nitric oxide nokukhushulwa kwe-plasma agmatine. Umagazini waseYurophu wokudla okunomsoco. 2017 Jul 19. kuthatha: 10.1007 / s00394-017-1508-x.