Kuphi umdlavuza wephaphu emhlabeni jikelele? Thatha ukuqagela emazweni aphezulu ayishumi ngaphambi kokuhambisa phambili, kodwa kuqala uzibuze: "Kungani lokhu kubalulekile?"
Ukuqwashisa emhlabeni wonke kuyisizathu esisodwa sokubheka umdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni wonke. Ziphi izidingo ezinkulu?
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Uphi I-Cancer Lung Kuvamile?Kodwa esinye isizathu esibalulekile sokubuza lo mbuzo ukuthi kuphakamisa imibuzo eminye. Siyazi ukuthi ukubhema kubangelwa umdlavuza, kodwa izinga lokubhema nomdlavuza wamaphaphu akuhambi ngokuhamba ngezandla emhlabeni wonke. Kungani? Kungani kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe anesilinganiso esiphezulu somdlavuza wamaphaphu, futhi izinga lomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesifazane?
Izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu nazo zibizwa ngqo embuzweni kulo mbuzo. Emhlabeni wonke, amaphesenti angama-80 emdlavuza wamaphaphu emadodeni athiwa ukubhema, kodwa kuphela amaphesenti angu-50 wamanqamu amaphaphu kwabesifazane ahlobene nokubhema. Ziyini izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwamanye amaphesenti angu-50 abesifazane, futhi ingakwazi ukwazi lokhu, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela uma kudingeka, wenze umehluko kwabesifazane e-United States futhi? Phela, imbangela eholayo yokufa komdlavuza ephathelene nabesifazane e-US ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu, hhayi umdlavuza wesifuba. Eqinisweni, kunabesifazane abaningi abangabhemi (abasoze bebhema nabokuqala ukubhema) abafa e-US njalo ngonyaka emdlalweni wamaphaphu, kunabesifazane-abangewona abokubhema nabokubhema ngokufanayo-abafa ngesifo somdlavuza webele.
Futhi ekugcineni, ngenkathi sibona ukulinganiswa okujwayelekile noma ngisho nokwehla kwenani eliphelele labantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu e-US, izigameko zeqembu elilodwa ziyanda: lokho kwabesifazane abasebasha, abangabhemi. Kungabheka emhlabeni jikelele kusize ukuthi siphendule lo mbuzo?
Nakuba ukuqaphela ugwayi kungenza futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekhaya nangaphezu kwamachibi, ukubuka emhlabeni jikelele kusikhumbuza ukuthi umsebenzi wethu wokuvimbela nokutholakala kokuqala, hhayi ukukhuluma ngezokwelapha ezingcono, awukwenziwanga.
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Inombolo 1 - Hungary (Denmark yabesifazane)IHungary inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni jikelele, kanti iDenmark inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesifazane. I-Hungary ilandela ukuhamba kwamazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Yurophu (ngaphandle kweRomania) lapho umdlavuza wamaphaphu uye wanda futhi uqhubeka ukhula.
IsiHungary yisibonelo lapho umdlavuza wokubhema nomaphaphu uhambisana khona. Njengoba nje iHungary inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni, libuye libe nelinye lamazinga aphakeme kakhulu okubhema emhlabeni wonke.
Kodwa ngisho nalapho ukubhema kuyimbangela ecacile yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, njengaseHungary, kubalulekile ukucabangela ezinye izimbangela ezikhona. Ukuvezwa kwe-asibesito kuyinkinga eyengeziwe engezansi eHungary, okungeyona nje umdlavuza wamaphaphu kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwe- mesothelioma engamanga enomlomo , umdlavuza oqala emasethlium , i-membrane ebeka amaphaphu.
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Inombolo 2 - iSerbia (eCanada yabesifazane)I-Serbia inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-2 lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni wonke futhi lizwe elinamanani amaningi kakhulu okubhema emhlabeni wonke.
Lokhu akumangalisi kunikezwa lokho esikwaziyo ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu nokubhema kusukela ngamaphesenti angu-50 emadodeni (namaphesenti angu-30 abesifazane) kuleli zwe bayabhema ngentshiseko. Kunezinye izici ezingaphezu kokubhema, noma kunjalo, okungase kube negalelo kulezi zindawo.
Ucwaningo oluthile luye lwabona ukuthi ukuvivinya umzimba kuyanciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu, futhi ucwaningo lwamuva lubuthole ukuthi amaphesenti angu-10 kuphela eSerbia ahlanganyela emsebenzini ovamile. ESerbia, amaphesenti angu-50 amadoda ayedlula ngokweqile, kanti ukudla okunempilo kunganciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukudla okuphezulu e-lutein (isipinashi, i-broccoli) ne-lycopene (utamatisi nosawoti we-tomato) kubonakala kunciphise umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngenkathi ukudla okunamafutha amaningi kuphakamisa ingozi. Ucwaningo luye lwafumanisa nokuthi ukudla okuphezulu kwezinhlobo ezithile zotshwala kungabangela ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu , kanti amaphesenti angama-40 amadoda aseSerbia aphuza utshwala nsuku zonke esifundweni esisodwa.
Esinye isici okumelwe sicatshangelwe yizinga lokufa kusuka emdlalweni wamaphaphu uma sekutholakala ukuthi. Njengoba isimo sezomnotho eSerbia eminyakeni yamuva, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kungase kungalingani nakwamanye amazwe.
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Inombolo 3 - Korea (United States yabesifazane)IKorea (iDemocratic Republic of Korea) inezinga lesithathu eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni. Kukhona isixhumanisi esicacile phakathi komdlavuza wamaphaphu nokubhema eKorea, nakuba abantu abaningi bamangala ukuzwa amanani aphezulu emdlavuza wamaphaphu kwamanye abesifazane ase-Asia ngokumelene nabesifazane baseYurophu, naphezu kwezinga eliphansi lokubhema. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukungcoliswa komoya wangaphakathi kusuka emathunjini angagcwele amalahle kanye nokupheka imfucumfucu kuholela engozini enkulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia. Umusi wesibhamu ubonakala sengathi uyingozi enkulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu eKorea, nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuya empumalanga evela eKorea kwenzeka into ehlanganisiwe njengomdlavuza waseJapane wamaphaphu . Kungani amadoda aseMelika enomdlavuza wamaphaphu nangisho noma amadoda aseJapane abhema ngaphezulu (ngesilinganiso?) Kunemibono eminingi, nakuba akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kungenzeka ukuthi kunezithako ezimbalwa ze-carcinogenic (okwenza umdlavuza) ezimbalwa ezigwayi zaseJapane kunezigwayi zaseMelika. Noma mhlawumbe izici zofuzo noma ukudla kudalula amadoda aseJapane ngokumelene nemiphumela yentuthu kagwayi. Kungakhathaliseki isizathu, lokhu kuyisikhumbuzo esihle sokuthi umdlavuza (wonke amagciwane) kaningi isifo sobuningi, okusho ukuthi izici eziningana zisebenza ndawonye noma zivimbele umdlavuza.
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Inombolo 4 - iMakedoniya (Korea yabesifazane)I-FYR eMakedoniya inezinga le-4 eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni.
Ngaphandle kwenani elibalulekile lababhemayo eMakedoniya (cishe abangamaphesenti angu-40 abantu), ukuqala ukuqala ukubhema (lapho umuntu eqala ukubhema) kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi kuyingozi kakhulu kuleli zwe.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwezinombolo zikagwayi ezibhemayo, nobude besikhathi umuntu ebhema, ubudala lapho ukubhema kuqala khona kungabangela ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Lokhu kunengqondo ngoba labo abaqala ukubhema basencane bavame ukwenza kanjalo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamapayipi nokuthuthukiswa ngokushesha. Ucwaningo lwe-Genetic lusekele le ncazelo, ngobufakazi bokushintsha kwezinto eziphilayo zesikhathi eside ku-DNA ehlala kubantu ababhemayo abaqala umkhuba wabo ngaphambili.
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Inombolo 5 - I-New Calendonia (eHungary yabesifazane)Ngaphezu kokubhema, ukuvezwa kwemisebenzi ezintweni ezinjenge-asbestos ezibalulekile ezibangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu eNew Caledonia. E-United States, ukuvezwa komsebenzi emsebenzini kuyacatshangwa ukuthi kungene kumaphesenti angu-13 kuya kwangu-29 wamanqamu wamaphaphu, futhi lokhu kungahlukahluka emhlabeni wonke.
Ucwaningo luye lwathola amadoda aseNew Caledonia abasebenza njengabashayeli bamabhasi kanye namaloli (ukukhishwa kwe-diesel) kanye nalabo abatholwa emikhiqizweni yokuhlanza, umquba omanyolo kanye nomhlabathi wensimu banengozi eyengeziwe yokuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
I-Caledonia entsha, efana neHungary, inesimo esiphezulu se-mesothelioma enxusayo, eye yahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-asbestos enesibindi emhlophe.
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Inombolo 6 - iMontenegro (I-Netherlands yabesifazane)I-Montenegro inesilinganiso se-6 esiphezulu somdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni futhi sinamanye amazinga aphakeme kakhulu okubhema emhlabeni jikelele.
Ucwaningo olubheke emdlalweni wamaphaphu eMontenegro lubonisa ukuhlangana okucacile phakathi kokubhema nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukusuka ngo-1976 kuya ku-2000, isilinganiso sokubhema ezweni sanda ngamaphesenti angu-98. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi esifanayo, isifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu emadodeni cishe sasiphindwe kabili, futhi kwabesifazane cishe sekuphindwe kathathu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo lomdlavuza wamaphaphu oluvame kakhulu luye lwashintsha eMontenegro. Kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-2001, ukwanda okukhulu kwezehlakalo ze-cell cell carcinoma kwaphawulwa kokubili kokubili amadoda nabesifazane, kanti umphumela wesifo somdlavuza wamangqamuzana ongewona omncane wehla. Ngesikhathi ukubhema kungasiza kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomdlavuza wamaphaphu, luhambisana kakhulu nomdlavuza omncane we-cell lung , nomdlavuza wamaphaphu otholakala ekungabhemi ukubhema ngokuvamile kanomdlavuza wesifo samangqamuzana omncane .
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Inombolo 7 - iDenmark (i-Iceland yabesifazane)I-Denmark inezinga le-7 eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni. Ingxenye yalokhu ngempela izinga eliphezulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa iDenmark nayo inehlelo elihle kakhulu lokugcinwa kwamarekhodi, okwenza ikhono lokutadisha umdlavuza kuleli lizwe linembile kakhulu.
IDenmark futhi iyisibonelo esihle sokuthi ukubhema kungasindisa kanjani ukuphila. Isimo somdlavuza wamaphaphu sifike kakhulu eDenmark ngo-1985 futhi manje sewa phakathi kwamadoda (nakuba iqhubeka iphakama kwabesifazane.)
Ngaphezu kokubhema, kukhona ubudlelwane obalulekile phakathi kokungcola komoya nomdlavuza wamaphaphu eDenmark. Ukwenyuka kokungcola komoya, kanye nokuhamba komgwaqo, kuye kwahlanganiswa nobungozi, kanti ukuhamba kwemigwaqo emigwaqweni eseduzane ne-nitrogen oxides ukuhlushwa akubonakali kuhambisana nengozi.
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Inombolo 8 - i-United States of America (i-Ireland yabesifazane)I-United States inezinga eliphakeme lesishiyagalombili lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni jikelele, nomdlavuza wamaphaphu kokubili amadoda nabesifazane iyimbangela eholela ekufeni okuhlobene nomdlavuza.
Ngokuqaphela ukubhema, isifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu sesiye saqala ukwehla emadodeni futhi sinciphisa abesifazane.
Ukuhlolwa komdlavuza we-Lung kubantu abafanelekile usanda kuvunywa, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kunganciphisa ukufa (izinga lokufa) lomdlavuza wamaphaphu ngamaphesenti angu-20 e-United States.
Njengezinye izindawo zomhlaba, kunezici ezinobungozi ezingaphezu kokubhema, futhi noma ubani onamaphaphu asengozini. Uma ungakaze upheme, lokho kuyamangalisa, kodwa qiniseka ukuhlola izimbangela zomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabangewona abokubhema ukuze ubone ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukunciphisa ingozi yakho.
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Inombolo 9 - Poland (Norway for Women)IPoland ine-9 ephakeme kakhulu yomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni, izinga elixhunyaniswe kakhulu nokubhema. Ngo-1990 kwacatshangwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-40 amadoda asePoland afa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yezifo ezihlobene nogwayi. Isilinganiso sokubhema sehlile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesifazane basePoland ihlukile kancane, nomlando womndeni womdlavuza wamaphaphu udlala indima kulezi zenzakalo. Kwabesifazane basePoland, abanesixazululo sokuqala ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu kuxhumene nobungozi obukhulu kakhulu bokuthuthukisa lesi sifo.
Kubuye kubonakale ukuthi abesifazane basePoland (futhi mhlawumbe ezinye izindawo zomhlaba) bangabhekana ne-carcinogens ngentuthu kagwayi kunamadoda. Abesifazane basePoland bavame ukuhlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngesikhathi esifushane kunamadoda nasemuva kokubhema kuka-cigarettes neminyaka embalwa yokubhema. Abesifazane kuleli lizwe banamathuba amaningi okuba bangaphila bonke abantu.
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Inombolo 10 - Canada (United Kingdom yabesifazane)I-Canada inezinga leshumi eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu emhlabeni, futhi njenge-United States isibonelo sokuthi ukuqwashisa ugwayi kungalondoloza kanjani ukuphila. Kodwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu usengumphumela oholela ekufeni okuhlobene nomdlavuza kokubili amadoda nabesifazane eCanada.
Ngolwazi oluxhumanisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu nokuzama ukubhema nokuqeda ukubhema, isifo somdlavuza wamaphaphu saqala ukulinganisa ngawo-1980. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwe-United States kule nqubekela phambili, isilinganiso somdlavuza wamaphaphu kwabesifazane asizange senyuke kusukela ngo-2006.
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