Izici nokuhluka
Ingabe ukhathazekile ukuthi ukukhwehlela kwakho kungabangwa umdlavuza wamaphaphu? Njengoba umdlavuza wamaphaphu uphethwe kakhulu ezinyangeni zokuqala zesifo, ukuthola umdlavuza ngokushesha kunokwenzeka kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngeshwa, ayikho indlela yokwazi ngokucacile ukuthi ukukhwehlela kungenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kusekelwe ezimpawu zokodwa. Lokho kusho ukuthi kunezibonakaliso nezinye izimpawu kanye nezinkinga ezenza kube lula ukuthi ukukhwehlela kungabonakalisa uphawu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu .
Yini okufanele ukwazi uma ukhwehlela?
Izinhlobo Zesikhumba
I-Chronic Chronic vs Acute and Productive vs Non-Productive
Okungenani isigamu sabantu abatholakala benomdlavuza wamaphaphu banomkhuhlane ongapheli ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa. Ukukhwehlela okungapheli kuchazwa ngokuthi ukukhwehlela okuhlala okungenani amasonto ayisishiyagalombili alandelanayo , futhi abantu abaningi bathi banomkhuhlane ongeke uhambe. Ukukhwehlela kungase kube owomile, noma ungakwazi ukukhwehlela i-mucus (ebizwa ngokuthi ukukhwehlela okukhiqizayo). Kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, futhi abantu abaningi bathi kuphazamisa ubuthongo, okubangela ukukhathala kwamalanga. Ukukhwehlela kungase kufane nezibonakaliso abantu abaye babe nazo esikhathini esidlule ngenxa yemithi noma i-bronchitis, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni kungabangela ukuthi umuntu akhathazeke ngomdlavuza.
Ezinye Izimpawu Ezihambisana Nesikhumba
Ukwenzeka kwezimpawu ezengeziwe kungandisa amathuba okuthi ukukhwehlela kuyingozi. Ucwaningo lubheke abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu ukuze banqume ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezazikhona ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuba zihlolwe.
Lolu cwaningo lathola ukuthi izimpawu ezilandelayo zizimele ngokuzimela ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu:
- Ukushaya igazi . Ukwehla igazi (okubizwa nangokuthi i-hemoptysis) kungaba uphawu oluyisixwayiso lomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kanti empeleni yiyona kuphela uphawu olukhona kuma-7 amaphesenti abantu ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa. Lokhu kuvamise nje inani elincane legazi, njengezicubu ezithintekayo zegazi, nokho noma yikuphi okwegazi okwegazi okufanele kuhlolwe ngokucophelela udokotela wakho.
- Ukuphefumula . Ukuphefumula (okubizwa nangokuthi i-dyspnea) kungahle kube okucashile ekuqaleni. Abantu abaningi abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu bathi bathi baqale ukuxosha lesi sibonakaliso ngenxa yokuphila komzimba noma ukukhula. Ekuqaleni, ukuphefumula okuvame ukuvezwa kuphela ngomsebenzi, njengokukhwela izitebhisi.
- Ubuhlungu besifuba . Abantu abaningi bakusho ukuthi bazizwa ubuhlungu be-lungs ngaphambi kokuba bathole ukuthi banomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Amapayipi ngokwabo awanayo imisipha ezwa ubuhlungu, kodwa ubuhlungu bungaba ngenxa yesisindo somzimba emithanjeni, ubuhlungu emibhoshweni yomdlavuza osakaze emathanjeni, emithanjeni yemisipha (noma ngisho nasezintweni zomkhuhlane) kusuka ekukhwehleleni okuphindaphindiwe, kanye nezinye izindlela eziningi. Ubuhlungu obwenzeka ngomoya ojulile futhi wabiza ubuhlungu besifuba se-pleuritic noma i-pleurisy, bubuye buvame phakathi kwabantu abathinteka kamuva ukuthi banomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Ukuthuthumela . Abanye abantu bayazizwa behlaselwa ngaphambi kokuba baxilongwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhwehlela, kodwa futhi kungenxa yezinto ezifana nesifo esicindezelayo emisipha ehamba ngezintambo zezwi.
- Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo esingachaziwe . Ukulahleka kwesisindo esingavamile noma ukulahlekelwa isisindo uma uzama kungase kube uphawu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ukulahleka kwesisindo okungenasisekelo kuchazwa njengokulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angu-5 noma ngaphezulu kwesisindo somzimba esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwengu-12; cishe amakhilogremu angu-7.5 kumuntu-150 wamakhilogremu. Kunezinye izimbangela eziningana ezibangela lokhu okutholayo futhi kufanele uhlale ubona udokotela wakho uma isisindo sakho sishaya, ngisho noma uzizwa ujabulile ukubona isibalo sinyuka phansi.
- Izifo zokuphefumula . Izifo eziphindaphindiwe ezifana ne-pneumonia ne-bronchitis zivame ngaphambi kokuba umdlavuza wamaphaphu utholakale. Abantu abaningi abatholakala benomdlavuza wamaphaphu bathi izimpawu zabo ziqale ukuxoshwa, ngisho nodokotela, ngenxa yokubanda, i-bronchitis, noma ezinye izifo. Abanye baphathwa ngeziqephu eziningana ze-bronchitis noma i-pneumonia ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ukuthi kutholakala yini ukuxilongwa. Uma iziphunga zamaphaphu zikhula eduze nemimoya yomoya, zingabangela ukuvinjelwa okuvusa ingozi yalezi zifo.
- Ukuyeka ukubhema okungajwayelekile . Kutholakale ukuthi inani elibalulekile labantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu banciphisa inani labagwayi ababhemayo, noma bavele bayeke ukubhema ngaphambi kokuba baxilongwe-kaningi ngezimpawu ezimbalwa zokuhoxiswa. Isizathu salokhu akucacile, kodwa singase sihlobene nokuzama ukunciphisa uphawu lokukhwehlela, noma ukwesaba okungaqondakali kokuthuthukisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Asazi ukuthi lokhu kwenzekani, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi amanye ama-cancers amaphaphu akhiqiza amakhemikhali anciphisa ukugqilazwa kwe-nikotine. Uma ungakaze ukwazi ukuyeka ngaphambili, futhi kungazelelwe kubonakala kulula, khuluma nodokotela wakho.
Izingozi Zezingozi
Ezinye izici ezingozini zomdlavuza wamaphaphu , isibonelo, ukubhema nokuchayeka kwentuthu yomsizi, ziyaziwa, kanti ezinye azikho. Kubantu abashonile, abanezinye izici ezingozini bangase babe ngaphezu kokungeza. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kokuchayeka kwe-asbestos nokubhema ugwayi kuphakamisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ngaphezu kokuthi ungeze ndawonye ingozi ngayinye yalezi ndawonye. Ezinye izici zengozi zihlanganisa:
- Ukubhema okwamanje noma esikhathini esidlule . Ngokuqinisekile ukubhema kuyisici esiyingozi ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza wamaphaphu, cishe amaphesenti angu-80 abantu abathintekayo abanomlando wokubhema ngesikhathi esithile. Noma kunjalo, abantu abangamaphesenti angu-80 abatholakala benomdlavuza wamaphaphu namuhla ababhemi; bangabokuqala ukubhema noma ababheki. Ngeshwa, ngokungafani nesifo senhliziyo esiwela ngokukhawuleza lapho umuntu eyeka ukubhema, ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu akaphindeli ejwayelekile. Ngisho noma ngabe upheqa esikhathini esedlule, qinisekisa ukukhuluma lokhu kudokotela wakho.
- Ukuboniswa ku-Radon . Ukuvelela ku-radon ekhaya kuyimbangela yesibili eholela emdlalweni wamaphaphu kanye nombangela oholela kubantu abangabhemi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi amazinga ka-radon aphakanyisiwe kwelinye lamakhaya angu-15 e-United States. Uma izinga lakho lingakaze lihlolwe, yenza lokhu kanye nokwenza i-aphoyintimenti ukuze ubone udokotela wakho. (Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa okunzima, abesifazane abangaba ngu-40 000 bafa ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu minyaka yonke e-US futhi abantu abangaba ngu-27 000 bafa ngenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu owenziwe ngu-radon. Njengoba abesifazane nezingane bechitha isikhathi esiningi ekhaya kunabesilisa, basengozini enkulu.)
- Umsizi wesibhamu . Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukubhema komswakama kubangelwa amacala angu-7 000 emdlavuza wamaphaphu e-United States unyaka ngamunye.
- Umlando womndeni womdlavuza wamaphaphu . Izakhi zofuzo zomdlavuza wemaphaphu zingasebenza emindenini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu uma umdlavuza wamaphaphu utholakala kubantu abangaboni, kubantu abasha, nakwabesifazane. Ukuba nomama, ubaba, umntakwethu, noma ingane enomlando womdlavuza wamaphaphu uphinde ubangele ingozi yokuthuthukisa lesi sifo.
- Ukuthungathwa kwesifuba . Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa, ezifana nomdlavuza wesifuba noma isifo sikaHodgkin kwandisa ingozi yakho yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Ukuchayeka kukaJobe . Ukwehliswa kwemisebenzi yamakhemikhali nezinye izinto, ezifana ne-asbestos, i-diesel fuel, nokunye, kungandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu futhi kubhekwe njengento engamaphesenti angama-27 wamanqamu amaphaphu emadodeni.
Ukuxilongwa Kwesikhumba Esingaba Ngomdlavuza Wegazi
Ngezinye izikhathi i-X-ray yesifuba izothola umdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi noma ngabe usanda kuba ne-x-ray esifubeni kungekudala, ungase ube nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Esikhathini esedlule, ama-x-rays esifubeni senziwa ukuhlobisa abantu ngomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kodwa atholakala ukuthi ama-x-ray awahluleki ukuthola umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngesikhathi esanele ngokwanele ukusindisa izimpilo.
Awukwazi ukunqotshwa ukuthi ama- x-rays esifubeni angabhekana nomdlavuza wamaphaphu . Uma unezimpawu ezingaba ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu, njalo ucele isifo se-CT scan. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezindaba laphaya kubantu abaqinisekiswa ukuthi i-x-ray yabo esifubeni yayivamile, ukuze bafunde kamuva ukuthi banomdlavuza wamaphaphu (futhi ngenxa yokulibazisa okubangelwa i-x-ray evamile, bangenza umehluko phakathi umdlavuza wamaphaphu ekuqaleni futhi owodwa usakaze futhi awusaphuluki).
Ucwaningo lwango-2015 eDenmark lwathola ukuthi abantu abaningi banamaphesenti angu-2 noma ngaphezulu "avamile" emathunjini emini engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuxilongwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kudingeka i-CT scan uma kukhona ukukhathazeka. Njengebhonasi eyengeziwe, ukuhlolwa kwe-CT kulaba bantu kutholakale nezinye izifo zamaphaphu ezingekho ezingxenyeni ze-x-ray esifubeni.
ukuhlolwa
Nini Ukubiza Udokotela Wakho
Uma unomkhuhlane ophikelela-ngisho noma ungakaze upheme, awunayo ezinye izimpawu, noma ukholelwa ukuthi kukhona incazelo enhle yokukhwehlela kwakho-yenza i-aphoyintimenti ukuze ubone udokotela wakho. Uma wena nodokotela wakho nikhathazekile, isifo se-CT scan, bronchoscopy , noma ezinye izivivinyo zingase zinconywe. Uma izimpawu zakho ziqhubeka futhi ungenayo incazelo, cabanga ukuthola umbono wesibili . Abantu abaningi abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu bathi kukhona ukulibala isikhathi eside ekuxilongweni kwabo, kanti abanye bathi odokotela babo abazange baziphathe ngokungathí sina. Khumbula ukuthi abangewona abokubhema bangathola umdlavuza wamaphaphu , futhi empeleni, iningi (yebo, amaphesenti angaba ngu-80) abantu abahlakulela umdlavuza wamaphaphu namuhla bangabhemi noma bayeke ukubhema esikhathini esidlule. Ngo-2018 umdlavuza wamaphaphu ongeke ube nabokubhema yisona sesithupha esivame kakhulu imbangela yokufa komdlavuza e-United States.
Ngenkathi sizama ukuthola igama kulabo abangabhemi ukuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungakwazi futhi kwenzeka kubantu abangabhemi, kodwa labo abasafuni bayadinga lesi sikhumbuzo. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2016 lwathola ukuthi abantu abathumayo bancane kakhulu kunabangabhemi ukufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha izimpawu zokuxwayisa zomdlavuza wamaphaphu-njengokukhwehlela. Uma ubhema nokukhwehlela, unganqikazi ukubiza udokotela wakho. Futhi khumbula, akekho ofanelwe umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Umuntu ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angakaze atshise noma abe nochungechunge ukubhema impilo yakhe yonke, kufanelekele ukukhathazeka okuphelele kakhulu, ububele, nokunakekelwa okuhle kwezokwelapha ngomdlavuza.
Kulabo ababhemayo esikhathini esidlule, ukuhlolwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu kungaba yindlela yokukhetha. Uma kwenziwa kuwo wonke umuntu ofanelekayo, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kunganciphisa izinga lokufa komdlavuza wamaphaphu ngamaphesenti angu-30. Imfuneko yokuhlola ihlanganisa:
- Umlando weminyaka engu-30 wepakethe yokubhema
- Ubudala obuphakathi kuka-55 no-80
- Ukubhema noma ukuyeka eminyakeni engu-15 edlule.
Lezi zindlela, kodwa, zingabantu abangenazo izimpawu. Uma unekhwehlela, lokho kuyimpawu edingeka ukuphenywa.
I-Risk Calculator
I-Memorial Sloan Kettering inikeza ithuluzi lapho abantu abathile bangase babone ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Yenzelwe abantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-50 no-75 ababhema noma ababhemayo esikhathini esidlule. Ngalesi thuluzi, ucelwa ukuba usayine umlayezo wokukhishwa kwemibandela okubonisa ukuthi uyazi ukuthi akulona indawo yokwelashwa. Khumbula ukuthi lokhu kuyithuluzi lesibalo kuphela, futhi kungase kungabikho kalula umdlavuza wamaphaphu kubantu ngabanye, futhi kungase kube ngaphezu kwezinga noma ukulinganisa ingozi yakho.
> Imithombo:
> Amasevisi Okulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo. I-Cancer Lung. Kubuyekezwe 02/08/18. http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/index.htm
> Friedemann, S., Whitaker, K., Winstanley, K., noJ. Wardle. Ababhemayo bancane kakhulu kunabangewona abokubhema ukufuna usizo kumpawu zomdlavuza we-ammape 'alamu'. I-Thorax . 2016 Feb 24. (Epub ngaphambi kokuphrinta).
> Guldbrandt, L. Umphumela Wokudluliselwa Okuqondile kwe-Fast CT Scan ekutholeni Ukutholakala Kwegciwane Lungculaza Ngokujwayelekile. Isivivinyo seMitholampilo, Isihluthulelo SamaCluster. I-Danish Medical Journal . 2015. 62 (3): i-pii: B5027.
> Iven-Omofoman, B. et al. Ukusebenzisa izici zomtholampilo kanye nezokuqala zomtholampilo ngokujwayelekile ukukhomba abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu ngaphambili. I-Thorax . 2013. 68 (5): 451-9.
> National Cancer Institute. Ukunakekelwa Kwemdlavuza Yamangqamuzana Angewona Amancane (PDQ) - I-Health Professional Version. Kubuyekezwe 02/01/18. https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq#section/all