Abacwaningi bahlukanisa ukukhipha isitshalo "okungcono kune-AZT"
Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zesifo se-HIV, ososayensi baye babheka ukusetshenziswa kweziqhumane zezitshalo ukubhekana nokutheleleka nge-HIV . Izifundo eziningi zokuqala zagxila ezinqandeni zokulwa namagciwane ezitshalo ezithile, ikakhulukazi ikhono labo lokubulala i-HIV ngenkathi zihlala ziphephile (noma okungenani ziphephile) zokusetshenziswa komuntu.
Namuhla, iningi laleli gatsha lesayensi liye lagxila ekusetshenzisweni kwezicucu ezithile zezitshalo ukuphazamisa ikhono le-HIV lokuphindaphinda, ngendlela efanayo ukuthi izidakamizwa ze-antiretroviral zisebenza.
Ezinye zalezi zicucu zisetshenziselwa izizukulwane zamasiko amasiko ukuze ziphathe izifo eziningi nezimo zezokwelapha.
Nakuba iningi lalezi zifundo liye laphumelela, ithimba labacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yase-Illinois eChicago liye lasho ukuthi lithole isitshalo okuthiwa u- Justicia gendarussa, okwazi ukuvimbela i-HIV ngamazwi abo "ngokuphumelela kakhulu kune-AZT . " Isimangalo esinesibindi sinikezwe ukuthi isidakamizwa i-AZT (esaziwa nangokuthi i-Retrovir ne-zidovudine) seyisikhathi eside sibe yinsiza ye-HIV yokwelapha.
Kodwa ingabe lezi zimangalo ziyabambelela, futhi, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, zihumusha yini embonini entsha "yemvelo" yokwelashwa kwe-HIV?
Umlando Omfushane Wezitshalo Zokutshala Kwezingqalasizinda Ekucwaningeni Kwegciwane Lesandulela Ngculazi
Lapho i-HIV iqala ukutholakala , abantu abanegciwane babe nezinketho ezimbalwa zokwelashwa. Eqinisweni, kwakungakaze kube ngo-March 1987-iminyaka egcwele emihlanu emva kokutholakala kwegciwane lesandulela-ngculazi kuqala-ukuthi i-AZT ekugcineni yavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa kokwelapha i-HIV.
Ngeshwa, njengomuthi wokuqala nomuthi kuphela, awuzange usebenze konke lokho, futhi abantu kuzodingeka balinde eminye iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuba umuthi wesibili, lamivudine (3TC), uvunyelwe ngo-1995.
Phakathi nale festile leminyaka engu-13, abantu abaningi nezinkampani zomthengi ezingavunyelwe baphendukela kumakhambi wendabuko ukuze bahlanganise ukwelapha kwe-AZT noma baphathe i-HIV ngokwabo ngaphandle kokwesaba imiphumela emibi yocansi.
Ezinye zezimboni zokuqala ezisekelwe ezitshalweni zagxila kulezi zixazululo, benethemba lokuthi zingase "zithuthukise" umsebenzi womzimba womuntu, zivimbele izifo ezithatha amathuba , noma zibulale ngqo i-HIV.
Lezi zihlanganisa izifundo ezibandakanya i- laetrile , okubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa komdlavuza ovela emigodini ye-apricot, ne- melon yase-Asia enomunyu ( iMomordica charantia ), okuyinto abanye ososayensi abaye basikisela ukuthi bangabuyiselwa ukuzivikela ngesikhathi belwa nezifo zokuphefumula ezihlobene ne-HIV.
Ngenkathi izilingo eziningi bekunconywe kulezi zindlela kanye nezinye ukuphulukiswa kwemvelo, akekho owabonisa noma iyiphi inzuzo yangempela futhi "wayemnyama ebumnyameni" obangelwa ukukhulelwa komphakathi okwandayo ukuthola ukwelashwa, noma yikuphi ukwelashwa, okungase kusebenze.
Ukusuka Emithonjeni Yezinsizwa Kuya Ekucwaningeni Kwemithi
Ngonyaka we-1996, njengoba nje izidakamizwa ezisebenzayo zikhishwa futhi izinqubo zokwelapha ezihlanganisiwe zaqala ukubuyisela ukushona kwe-AIDS, kwahlala abaningi emphakathini wocwaningo ozimisele ukuthola izindlela zemvelo ezidakamizwa ngezikhathi ezithile (njenge-stavudine ne-didanosine) esetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwe-HIV.
Eziningi zalezi zinzame zagxila ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo kanye namakhambi asetshenziswa emasikweni wendabuko, uphenyo kokubili ukuphepha nokusebenza kwabo embonini yokwenza ucwaningo oluhlelekile.
Ngokuvamile, imiphumela ayifushane.
Okunye ukubuyekezwa kwemithi yendabuko yaseShayina yaphetha ngokuthi ayikho imithi ethandwa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni ukutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi (njenge-jingyuankang ne-xiaomi) yaba nethonya kumuntu we- CD4 noma umthamo wegciwane lesandulela ngculazi (nakuba abanye behlinzeke ukuphulukiswa kwezifo ezincane njenge-thrush ngomlomo isifo sohudo).
Ucwaningo olufanayo lwacwaninga ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane ase-Afrika (i- Hypoxis hemerocallidea ) nesitshalo somuthi esibizwa ngokuthi i- Sutherlandia frutescens, kokubili okuvunyelwe uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ukuphatha i-HIV. Akukona nje ukuthi lezi zindlela zingasebenzi, zaboniswa ukuthi ziphikisana neminye yemithi elwa nokuphathwa kwezifo ezihambisana ne-HIV njengesifo sofuba.
Nakuba kungaba lula ukulahla lezi zindlela ngokuthi "imithi yomuntu" (noma ngisho nesayensi ye-contrarian), ukuphazamiseka kocwaningo olusekelwe ezitshalweni, okunye okuphikisanayo, akuzange kube mnandi kunalokho okubonwayo ekuhloleni kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi lapho izigidigidi zichithe khona akekho ozokwazi ukubhekana nalo .
Ukuphinda Ucabange Ngendlela Yokwelapha
Insimu yokucwaninga nge-HIV esetshenziselwa izitshalo ishintshile ngokukhululekile ekufinyeleleni kwamathuluzi ezakhi zofuzo okwakungekho ngisho eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 edlule. Namuhla, sinokuqonda okukhulu nakakhulu ngemikhakha ye-HIV-ukuthi iyaphinda kanjani, ukuthi iyathinta kanjani-futhi ingaveza kangcono ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo esizidingayo zokuphazamisa ukunikeza igciwane ingozi.
Kungumfanekiso ofanayo osetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral lapho umuthi uphazamisa i-enzyme ethile edingekayo ukuqedela umjikelezo wokuphindaphinda we-HIV . Ngaphandle kwekhono lokwenza kanjalo, i-HIV ayikwazi ukusakazeka futhi igciwane amanye amaseli. Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezidakamizwa -noma yikhono lokuvimbela i-enzyme ehlukile-sikwazi ukuvimbela igciwane kumazinga okuthiwa angabonakali.
Eminyakeni yamuva, inqwaba yezicucu zezitshalo ziye zakwazi ukuphindaphinda le nqubo, okungenani kuthebhu yokuhlola. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa i- Cistus incanus (i-pink rock rose) ne- Pelargonium sidoides (i-Geranium yaseNingizimu Afrika), kokubili okubonakala kuvikela igciwane lesandulela ngculaza ekuxhumaneni neseli.
Njengoba kufinyeleleke njengoba konke lokhu kungase kuzwakale-ukusebenzisa i-geranium ukuphatha i-HIV-kuyimodeli, eqinisweni, isivele ine-proof-of-concept in malaria.
Ukuqhuma Kwe-Malaria-Ukusekelwa Kwe-Malaria Ukunikeza Ubufakazi-nge-Concept ye-HIV
Iningi lemibono yocwaningo lwamanje olususelwa esitshalweni olusungulwe ngokubhebhetheka kwe-malaria oluthola umculi walo, ososayensi waseShayina uTu YouYou, umklomelo weNobel on Medicine ngo-2015.
Ukutholakala kwakusekelwe ocwaningweni lwesitshalo okuthiwa u- Artemesia annua (umhlonyane omnandi) osetshenziselwe imithi yamaShayina kusukela ngekhulu le-11. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, uWe Wena kanye nabanye osebenza nabo baqala ukuhlola imiphumela yesitshalo (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-qinghao) nge-malaria-ebangela ama-parasites.
Esikhathini esilandelayo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlanza kancane kancane ukukhishwa ekamelweni elibizwa ngokuthi i-artemisinin okuyinto yokwelashwa okhethwayo namuhla uma isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuhlangene. I-Artemisinin ayizange iboniswe kuphela ukuthi isula amaphesenti angu-96 e-anti- malaria -resistant parasites , ekhulunywe ngokulondoloza izigidi zabantu eziphila okungenzeka zalahlekelwa yilezi zifo.
Ukwelashwa Kwemithi Kufakazela "Okungcono Kune-AZT"
Ukugibela isithembiso se-artemisinin efanayo, iqembu lamasosayensi abavela eYunivesithi yase-Illinois eChicago, eHong Kong Baptist University, naseVietnam Academy yeSayensi neTheknoloji baqala umzamo wokubambisana wokuhlola iziqephu ezingaphezu kuka-4 500, ukuhlola ukuthelela isandulela ngculazi, isifo sofuba, i-malaria, nomdlavuza.
Kulaba baphethiweyo , ukukhishwa okuvela kuJusticia gendarussa (i-willow-leaf justicia) kwakubhekwa njengokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Ukuhlanzwa kwe-extract kwaholela ekuhlukaniseni i-compound eyaziwa ngokuthi i-patentiflorin A eyayikwazi ukuvimba i-enzyme efanayo (i-reverse transcriptase) njenge-AZT.
Empeleni, ngokusho kocwaningo, likwazi ukuthuthukisa isenzo se-AZT ngezindlela eziningi:
- I-Patentiflorin A ibonakala ephumelela kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukuphindaphindiwe kwandulela -ngculazi engamelana nezidakamizwa. I-AZT, ngokuqhathanisa, inephrofayili encane yokumelana, okusho ukuthi ngisho nezinye izinguquko ezivamile ze-HIV zingenza lesi sidakamizwa asize. Njengalokhu, i-patentiflorin A ingabonakala ibe nephrofayili yokumelana kangcono
- I-Patentiflorin A yayikwazi ukwenza okufanayo kuma-macrophages , amaseli egazi amhlophe asebenza njengomzimba wokuqala wokuvikela umzimba. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ama-macrophage angama-cell agibela futhi athathe ama-bacteria namagciwane kuma-lymph node ye-neutralization. Nge-HIV, lokhu akukwenzeka. Esikhundleni salokho, igciwane "liphendulela amatafula" futhi lithinta amaseli (okuthiwa i- T cells lymphocyte ) ahlose ukusiza ekubhujisweni kwawo. Kunconywa ukuthi ngokucindezela igciwane ekuthelelekeni kokuqala-nakwe-macrophage ngokwabo-kungenzeka ukugwema ukutheleleka ngokuphelele.
Okungenani yilokho okufundwa kukho tube yokuhlola.
Izithiyo ezibalulekile zokunqoba
Nakuba kungangabazeki ukuthi i-patentiflorin A iyinhlangano ephawulekayo, futhi ethembisayo, yokwenza ucwaningo oluqhubekayo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi imiphumela yocwaningo lwesifundo se-tube yokuhlola ibukeka ekulingweni kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi ukuphikisana ukuthi i-patentiflorin A "ingcono kune-AZT" kungenzeka ibe neqiniso, kungase kungabi nanjengoba abacwaningi (noma abanye emithonjeni) bephakamisa.
Ngokumane nje, i-AZT yidakamizwa endala. Yilezi zidakamizwa zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili ekilasini lazo kanye nalokho okuye kwaxhaswa izidakamizwa ezintsha ezifana nesi- tenofovir ne-abacavir. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa i-AZT njengesisekelo sokuqhathanisa kufana nokuqhathanisa i-VW Beetle endala ne-VW Beetle entsha. Bobabili basebenze, kodwa ngeke ngempela uhlukanise imoto ngemodeli yayo endala.
Futhi lokho yingxenye yephuzu. Ekugcineni, umgomo wanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezokwelashwa olusekelwe ezitshalweni luzodinga ukufezekisa izinga elifanayo lokusebenza njengalokhu umlingani walo wezokwelapha noma okungenani ukwandise umphumela walo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukhetho olusekelwe esitshalweni olufana ne-patentiflorin A luzodinga ukunqoba izithiyo eziyinhloko:
- Kuzofanele kufinyeleleke ekuhlungeni kwegazi egazini. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuyinto eyodwa ukuveza amangqamuzana ekomidini ku-tube yokuhlola; enye enye yokugcoba leyo ngxube futhi ibe nesithako esisebenzayo esanele ejikeleza igazi. Njengoba izitshalo zitshalo ngokuvamile zixoshwa emzimbeni masinyane, ososayensi kuzodingeka bakhethe ukubunjwa okugxile ekufinyeleleni umphumela wokwelashwa ngenkathi begwema utshwala.
- Kungadingeka ukwazi ukuwela izibilini zamathumbu. Izitshalo eziningi zitshalo ziqukethe amanzi futhi zinzima kakhulu ukuwela izinambuzane zamathambo. Ukumuncipha okunciphisayo kuhumusha ekunciphiseni ukutholakala kwegazi (iphesenti yezidakamizwa ezingena egazini).
- Kuzodingeka kugcinwe emazingeni ahlale egazini. Imithi ye-HIV ayifani ne-antitimalarials, ehlose ukubulala i-parasite futhi yenziwe nayo. Ngokwelapha kwe-HIV, ukuhlushwa kwezidakamizwa ezithile kufanele kugcinwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze kugcinwe igciwane ngokuphelele. Njengoba izitshalo zitshalo zixoshwa ngokushesha, zijwayele ukuguquka okungase kungalungile nge-HIV. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Artemisinin unomuthi wokuphila kwezidakamizwa wamahora amabili kuya kwangu-4 kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa ne-tenofovir enezinkathi zokuphila kwamahora angu-17 kanye nengxenye ye-intracellular yokuphila kwamahora angama-50.
Ngenkathi kunezinto eziningi abacwaningi abangasebenzisa ukuze banqobe izinkinga zokunakekelwa (njengama-delivery system asekelwe e-lipid), ngaphandle uma bengakwazi ukunqoba izinkinga zokutholakala kwezinkinga ezitholakala kwizidakamizwa ezitshaliwe njenge-artemisinin, cishe ngeke kube ngaphezu kwalokho ukwelashwa okusekelayo.
Izwi elivela
Yini eyenza indlela esekelwe ezitshalweni ezikhangayo kithi, okungenani kusukela ekuboneni komqondo, ukuthi izinto akuzona nje zemvelo kepha zisetshenziselwe ngokuphepha ezizukulwaneni. Kodwa futhi kuveza ukuthi imithi yokwelapha "isiphephelo" futhi izidakamizwa ze-HIV ziningi "eziyingozi kakhulu," futhi akunjalo ngempela.
Imithi ye-HIV esayisebenzisayo namuhla ayinayo imiphumela yabo yecala, kodwa ithuthukisiwe kakhulu kulabo abedlule. Akuzona nje kuphela ezibekezeleleke, zidinga amaphilisi amancane ngosuku futhi azijwayele ukuphikiswa kwezidakamizwa.
Ngakho-ke, nakuba yonke imizamo kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ucwaningo lwe-HIV olususelwa esitshalweni, kusekhona okuningi okumelwe sinqobe ngaphambi kokuba sikwazi ukucabanga ngokukhetha lokho esikhathini esizayo.
> Imithombo:
> Helfer, M .; Koppensteiner, H .; Schneider, M .; et al. "I-Root Extract ye-Medicinal Plant i-Pelargonium sidoides Ingabe iyinhlangano yokuvimbela igciwane le-HIV-1." PLoS One. NgoJanuwari 14, 2014; 9 (1): e87487.
> Zhang, H .; I-Rumschlag-Booms, E .; I-Guan, i-Y .; et al. "Inhibitor Enamandla Yezidakamizwa Eziphikisana Ne-HIV-1 Izibazi Eziqhamuka ku-Medicinal Plant uJusticia gendarussa." I-Journal yemikhiqizo yemvelo . 2017; I-DOI: 10.1021 / acs.jnatprod.7b00004.
> Rebensburg, S .; UHelfer, uM .; Schneider, M .; et al. "Umsebenzi we- in vitro onamandla wokuvimbela umuthi we- Cistus ongenakuqhathaniswa ne-HIV nama-Filovirus amakhemikhali amaprotheni we-envelope." Imibiko yeSayensi. Ngo-February 2, 2016; 6: e20394.
> Wen, Z .; U-Liu, Y .; Wang, J .; et al. "Imithi YaseShayina Yendabuko Yokuphatha Ukwelashwa Kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ne-AIDS." Imithi Ehambisana Nezobuchwepheshe Nezokwelapha. 2012; 2012: isihloko 950757.
> Wilson, D .; I-Coggin, K .; Williams, K .; et al. "Ukusetshenziswa kwe- Sutherlandia frutescens ngabantu abadala baseNingizimu Afrika : I-Adaptive Double-blind Blinded Placebo Controled Trial." PLoS One. Ngo-Julayi 17, 2015; 10 (7): e0128522.