Izibalo zamanje kanye nomthelela wokuvimbela i-HIV
Nakuba kungekho izimpendulo ezihleliwe lapho ubhekisela engozini yomuntu yokuthola i-HIV, kunezinto kanye nokuziphatha okwenyusa amathuba omuntu wokutheleleka. Oyinhloko phakathi kwalawa amakhondomu angaphansi (okungavikelwe) kanye nokwabelana ngezinaliti ngesikhathi sokujova ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuba okutheleleka akhula lapho umuntu enezici eziningi eziyingozi, kubandakanya abalingani abaningi bezocansi; ukusetshenziswa kotshwala noma izidakamizwa; noma ukutholakala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi .
Ngokombono obala, i-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (i-CDC) ichaze amathuba okuthola i-HIV ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungcola. Lezi zisekelwe ezigabeni ze-HIV e-US, isilinganiso esinquma ukuthi ukutheleleka kwenzeka kaningi phakathi kwabantu abathile ngabanye (njengokufaka injecting abasebenzisi bezidakamizwa) ngesikhathi esithile.
Kubalulekile, kodwa, hhayi ukuphazamisa izinga lokungena kwengozi yokutheleleka. Isibonelo, isigameko esisodwa sephesenti asisho ukuthi kukhona ithuba elilodwa lokuthola i-HIV. Lesi sibalo kufanele sisetshenziswe nje njengendlela yokuqhathaniswa okulinganiselwe ekuqondeni ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemisebenzi eziyingozi kunezinye.
Ukuvezwa ngokobulili kanye nengozi ye-HIV
Ngokusho kwe-CDC, ithuba lokuthola i-HIV ekubeni ocansini nomuntu onegciwane lesandulela ngculaza lixhomeke kuhlobo lomsebenzi wezocansi, kanje:
- Ubulili obunqunu bokutholwa: Ingozi yi-138 exposure 10,000 noma amaphesenti angu-1.38
- Ubulili obudala bokufakaza: Ingozi yingu-11 ukuchayeka okungu-10 000 noma amaphesenti angu-0.11
- Ukwamukela ubulili besifazane : Ingozi yi-8 exposures 10,000 noma amaphesenti angu-0.08
- Ubulili obusakaze ngokobulili: Ingozi yi-4 exposure 10,000 noma amaphesenti angu-0.04
- Ubulili bomlomo: Ingozi iphinde ibe yindlala
Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziguquguqukayo ezithonya ithuba lomuntu lokuthola i-HIV ekuhlanganisaneni ngokocansi.
Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kokubili ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral kanye namakondomu kunciphisa ingozi yomuntu yokuthola i-HIV emva kokuvezwa ngokocansi ngamaphesenti angu-99.2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) , inganciphisa ingozi yomuntu yokuthola i-HIV ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-90 kwamanye amaqembu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazinga aphezulu wegciwane lesandulela ngculazi emzimbeni wegazi lomuntu (njengoba kulinganiswa umthamo wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ) angandisa amathuba okuthi umlingani wakhe uzothola igciwane. Ngokufanayo, ukutholakala kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi kungakhuphula kakhulu ithuba lomuntu lokudlulisa nokuthola i-HIV .
Ukujova Ukusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa Ne-HIV Ingozi
Ukukwabelana ngezinaliti ezingcolile ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi noma ezinye izixhobo zemithi kungasakaza isandulela ngculazi kumuntu ongenalo igciwane. Ngokusho kwe-CDC, ingozi yokudlulisela i-HIV ngokuhlanganyela izinaliti yi-63 exposure 10,000, noma amaphesenti angu-0.63.
Kusukela ekuqaleni-kuya ko-1990, imizamo yenze ukwandisa izinhlelo zokushintshanisa izinaliti ukunciphisa izinga le-HIV nezinye izifo ezithathelanayo. Namuhla, kunezinhlelo ezinjalo ezingaphezu kwezingu-200 e-US ehambisa amasondo angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-36 njalo ngonyaka. E-New York State yedwa, izifo ze-HIV phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebenzisa izidakamizwa behlile zisuka kumaphesenti angu-52 ngo-1992 zibe ngamaphesenti nje ngo-2012.
Inaliti Inamathele Ukulimala Ne-HIV Ingozi
Idatha efanayo ibonisa ukuthi ingozi yokuthola igciwane lesandulela ngculaza kusuka ekudaleni kwenaliti nokukhona okuqinisekisiwe kwegazi le-HIV kungamaphesenti angu-0.23.
Ubufakazi busekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-post exposure prophylaxis kwizilungiselelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo esekelwe emininingwaneni evela ezifundweni eziphindaphindiwe ezibonisa ukwelashwa phakathi kwamahora angu-72 zihambisana nokunciphisa ingozi yokudlulisela cishe ngamaphesenti angu-81.
Ukuguqulwa kwegazi kanye neHIV
Ngenkathi ingozi yegciwane lesandulela ngculazi egazini lokugonywa kwegazi libeka engozini enkulu yokuthola i-HIV-cishe 92.5-ingozi yangempela manje isuke ingacabangi namuhla ngenxa yamasu aphezulu okuhlola igazi .
Ngokusho kwe-CDC, kusukela ngo-1999 kuya ku-2013, kuphela abantu abathathu abaqhathaniswa negazi abalinganiselwa ku-2.5 million abaqinisekisile ukuthi bathole i-HIV ngokumpontshelwa ngegazi ngenxa yokufunda okungalungile .
Ukudluliselwa komama nomntwana kanye neHIV
Ukudluliselwa komama ukuya kwengane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukulethwa, noma ukuncelisa kuyindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke izingane ezithola i-HIV. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi abesifazane abane-HIV akufanele baluse (ngaphandle kwamazwe asathuthuka lapho izinzuzo zobisi lomuntu kanye nokudla okunomsoco zingaphezu kwengozi yokutheleleka).
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi omama abane-HIV abathwala izidambisigciwane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa banganciphisa ingozi yokudlulisela emaphesenti angaphansi kweyodwa uma igciwane lisuswa kumazinga okuthiwa angabonakali .
E-US, ukudluliselwa komama kuya kwengane kubhekwa kungavamile, kanti ukusatshalaliswa okwandisiwe kwezidakamizwa ze-HIV emazweni asathuthuka kuye kwabangela ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwamanye amazwe ahlukumezekile e-Afrika.
Izwi elivela
Izinombolo kanye namaphesenti ekugcineni iziqondiso nje. Ukutheleleka kungakwazi futhi kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ngemuva kokuhlangana okulodwa okungavunyelwe ngokocansi. Ukuphela kwendlela yokwazi ukuthi unesandulela ngculazi ukuhlolwa. Ngale ndlela, ungaqala ukwelashwa ngokushesha futhi uqiniseke kangcono ukuthi unompilo omude, onempilo.
Imithombo:
> Dosekun, O. kanye noFox, J. "Ukubukezwa kwezingozi ezihlobene nezindlela ezihlukene zokuziphatha ngokobulili ekudluliseni i-HIV." Izimvo zanamuhla nge-HIV ne-AIDS. Julayi 2010; 5 (4): 291-297.
> Kuhar, D .; I-Henderson, D .; I-Struble, K .; et al. "Kubuyekezwe Izinkombandlela Zesevisi Zempilo Yomphakathi e-US yokuphathwa kwama-Occupational Exposures to Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus kanye Nencomo Ze-Postexposure Prophylaxis." Ukulawulwa Kwezifo Ne-Epidemiology Yezibhedlela. Agasti 6, 2013; 34 (9): 875-892.
> UMnyango WezeMpilo we-AIDS eNew York. "Ukuncishiswa Kokulimala Okuphelele Kuguqula Ukunyuka Kwezifo Ezintsha Zokutheleleka Nge-HIV." Albany, eNew York; ikhishwe ngoMashi 4, 2014.
> UMnyango WezeMpilo waseMelika kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu (DHHS). "Izincomo zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokulwa negciwane lesandulela ngculaza abakhulelwe abanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi abakhulelweyo ngenxa yokugula komama kanye nokunciphisa ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-HIV e-United States." I-Rockville, e-Maryland; isibuyekezo esakhishwe ngoMeyi 21, 2013.
> Ukuphathwa Kwezokudla Nezidakamizwa zase-US (FDA). "Izincomo Ezibuyekeziwe Zokunciphisa Ingozi Yokudluliswa Kwama-Virus Transfer Transmission ngegazi neMikhiqizo yegazi: Imibuzo nezimpendulo." I-Silver Spring, e-Maryland; Novemba 2014.