Ukumemezela Ukuthi Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-HIV noma i-HIV Izidakamizwa Ayinaki Ukuzwa
Ukuzwa ukulahlekelwa akuvamile kubantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza, futhi kuze kube yamuva kube khona ukuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe ukwelapha i-HIV ; ukuvuvukala okungapheli okuhlobene nokutheleleka isikhathi eside; noma i- HIV ngokwayo ingabangela ukulahlekelwa okunjalo.
Imiklamo Yokufunda Ephikisanayo, Imiphumela Yokufundwa
Emuva ngo-2011, ukuhlaziywa kweminyaka emihlanu eyenziwe yiYunivesithi yaseRochester eNew York kwaphetha ngokuthi ukutheleleka nge-HIV noma ukwelashwa kwayo akuhlobene nokulahlekelwa kokuzwa.
Ukuhlaziywa, okwafaka idatha evela kumakholi amabili asekude-i-Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) kanye ne-Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) - yahlola ukukhishwa kwe-optoacoustic (okusho ukuthi, imisindo enikezwa yindlebe yangaphakathi uma ivuselelwa ) ku-511 iziguli ezine-HIV.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi izinga lokulahlekelwa kwezindlebe phakathi kwabahlanganyeli bezocwaningo kwakungekho umehluko-mhlawumbe ngisho nangaphansi-kunomuntu jikelele wase-US.
Kodwa ngonyaka ka-2014, iqembu elifanayo locwaningo laphinde lahlola le nkinga, futhi ngalesi sikhathi lihlola ukuthi iziguli ezineminyaka ephakathi kweminyaka engama-40 ubudala ukuya ekupheleni kweminyaka engu-50-zingase zizwe amathoni ahlukahlukene kusuka ku-250 kuya ku-8000 hertz (Hz) emazwini ahlukene. Ngalesi sikhathi, imiphumela yayihluke kakhulu: kokubili amadoda nabesifazane besandulela ngculaza babe nobunzima bokuzwa amathoni aphakeme nangaphansi, lapho ukuzwa kuvimbela ama-decibel ayi-10 aphakeme kunabalingani bawo abangenalo igciwane.
Ngenkathi ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa ngezinga eliphezulu (ngaphezu kuka-2000 Hz) kuvamile kubantu abadala asebekhulile, ama-frequencies aphansi ngokuvamile ahlala engaqondile . Eqenjini le-HIV, ukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo kokubili ukuzwa okuphansi nokuphakama kwezinga eliphezulu kwakubonakala kubalulekile futhi kwenzeke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isifo sesigaba , ukwelashwa ngezidambisigciwane , noma ukunamathela ekwelapheni .
Imvelo ephikisanayo yalezi zifundo ibonisa ukuphakamisa imibuzo ehlala ingaphenduliwe, hhayi kuphela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ukulahlwa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kuxhunyaniswe ne-HIV, kodwa yiziphi izindlela, uma zikhona, ezingabangela ukulahlekelwa okunjalo.
Ingabe Ukuzwa Ukulahlekelwa Kuwukuphela Kwenkinga Yokuguga?
Njengoba kunikezwe ucwaningo lwe-MACS kanye ne-WIHS, abanye bangase baphethe ngokuthi i-HIV "iseza" ekulahlekelweni kwezwe okubonakalayo kubantu abadala asebekhulile. Ngokuqinisekile, kuvunyelwe ukuthi ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo, okuhlala isikhathi eside okuhlobene ne-HIV kungabangela i- senescence engakafiki (ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi) eziningana zezinhlelo zomzimba, kuhlanganise nenhliziyo nobuchopho. Kungenzeka yini kube nengqondo ukusikisela ukuthi okufanayo kungenzeka ngezwi lomuntu?
Iningi labacwaningi abaqinisekisi kangaka. Ucwaningo oluthile oluvela e-Taipei Medical Centre eTaiwan luhlose ukuhlolelwa ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe eqenjini labangu-8 760 abanegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kanye neziguli ezingu-43 800 ezingenayo i-HIV. Ukuzwa ukulahlekelwa kwahlolwa ngokususelwa kumarekhodi ezokwelapha eminyakeni emihlanu kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2001, kuya kuDisemba 31, 2006.
Ngokusho kocwaningo, ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa okungazelelwe (okuchazwe njengokulahlekelwa kwama-decibel angu-30 noma okungenani okungenani ama-frequencies amathathu amahora angamahora ambalwa kuya kwezinsuku ezintathu) kwenzeka cishe kabili kakhulu kwiziguli ze-HIV ezineminyaka engu-18 kuya kwezingu-35 kodwa hhayi kulezo zingu-36 ubudala noma ngaphezulu.
Ngesikhathi abaphenyi behlulekile ukuphetha ngokuthi i-HIV yiyona imbangela yokulahleka okunjalo-ikakhulukazi njengoba izinto ezifana nokudabuka komsindo nokubhema kungabandakanywa ekuhlaziyweni-isilinganiso socwaningo sikhombisa ukuthi i-HIV ingase ibambe iqhaza elithile .
Ngokufanayo, isifundo se-2012 esivela kuNational Institutes of Health (NIH) senethiwekhi yokucwaninga siphakamise ukuthi izingane ezinegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngo-utero (esibelethweni) ziphindwe izikhathi ezimbili kuya kathathu ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa lapho uneminyaka engama-16 kunabo abangenalo igciwane ama-counterparts.
Kulolu cwaningo, ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe kwachazwa ngokuthi ukukwazi ukubona kuphela ama-decibel angu-20 noma ngaphezulu kunalokho okulindeleke kubantu abaningi abasha.
Ucwaningo lwe-NIH lubuye lwaphetha ngokuthi izingane ezifanayo zivame ukuzwa ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe kabili kunabantwana abavezwa i-HIV ku-utero kodwa abangenwe igciwane. Lokhu kugcizelela kakhulu ukuthi ukutheleleka ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, futhi kuqobo, kuyathinta ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuhlola futhi kungachaza ukuthi kungani abantu abasebasha abanesandulela ngculazi bebika ngokungazelelwe, ukulahlekelwa kokulalela okusheshayo esikhathini esizayo.
Ingabe Izidakamizwa Zama-Antiretroviral Kungaba Umbangela?
Ukuxhumanisa ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe ku- antiretroviral therapy (ART) kuye kwaba yinkinga ephikisana kakhulu kunokuxhumanisa ukulahlekelwa yi-HIV ngokwayo. Kusukela maphakathi nonyaka-1990, izifundo ezimbalwa zaphakamisa ukuthi i-ART, njengesici esizimele, ihlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokulahlekelwa kwezindlebe. Eziningi zalezi zifundo ziye zabuzwa zinikezwa ukuthi ama-agent e-addicate ayengakaze ahlolwe futhi afana nezifo ezifana nesifo, ukuqala kwe-ART nokunamathela akuzange kubandakanywe.
Ucwaningo oluncane olwenziwa ngo-2011 oluvela eNingizimu Afrika lwafuna ukuphenya umthelela we-stavudine, lamivudine , ne- efavirenz (sebenzisa kalula ku-ART wokuqala ku-US kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-2000) lapho uzwa. Futhi ngenkathi idatha ibonisa izinga eliphakeme lokukhubazeka phakathi kwesiguli esinegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ku-ART, umphenyi wehluleka ukuxhumanisa lokho kulahlekelwa izidakamizwa ngokwazo.
Naphezu kobuthakathaka bobufakazi, kunezinkathazo zokuthi ukunakekelwa okwanele kubhekene nemiphumela yezinto eziphathelene ne- antiretroviral , okubandakanya izidakamizwa eziphathelene nezidakamizwa ezihlobene nezidakamizwa ezingase zithuthukise noma zenze ukwanda kwezifo ezihlobene ne-HIV, ikakhulu lezo ezithinta uhlelo lwezinzwa .
Njengoba ukugxila okuqhubekayo kufakwa kokubili izinga lokuphila nokugwema ukugula okuhlobene nokuguga ekutheleleni kwegciwane lesikhathi eside, ukukhula okukhulu kungadingeka kuthathwe ukuze kuhlinzeke izimpendulo ezicacile embuzweni wokulahlekelwa kokuzwa ku-HIV- abantu abanegciwane.
Imithombo:
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