I-HIV Microscopy ezithombeni

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I-HIV Microscopy ezithombeni

Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-electron microscopy ye-electron microscopy (SEM) kanye namanye amasu okucabanga, ososayensi banekhono elikhulu kakhulu lokuphenya nge-ultrastructure ye- HIV kanye nezinye izifo ezincane ezithathelwanayo eziphathelene nezifo ze-HIV.

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I-Healthy Human T-Cell

I-electron micrograph yesithwebuli ye- T-lymphocyte yomuntu (ebizwa nangokuthi i-T-cell) kusukela ohlelweni lwezivikelo lomzimba lomnikezeli onempilo.

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Iseli le-CD4 eline-HIV

I-electron micrograph yokuskena yesithwebuli se- CD4 esine-HIV. Ukwenza ikholomu yekhompyutha kusiza ukuhlukanisa i-HIV virions (ephuzi) njengoba iphuma esitokisini esinegciwane (eluhlaza neluhlaza).

I-CD4 cell iyilungu le-T-lymphocyte cell (noma i-T-cell) ene-glycoprotein ebizwa nge-CD4 ebusweni bayo. Eziwa nangokuthi "omsizi" amangqamuzana, i-CD4 ayiqedi ukutheleleka, kodwa kunalokho ivuselela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela komzimba ukuze sisebenze kumenzeli ogulayo. Ngokuchitha ama-CD4 cells, umsebenzi wokuzivikela omzimba uyancipha kancane kancane, ukwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka okuhlobene ne- HIV .

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Igciwane le-CD4 elithintekile nge-HIV (Ukuvala)

Ukukhuliswa okwandisiwe kwe-CD4 cell one-HIV.

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Ukwakhiwa kwe-HIV Kusuka kumakhalekhukhwini othelelekile we-CD4

Ama-virions we-HIV aboniswa ukuhluma futhi akhululwe kusuka kumakhalekhukhwini we-CD4 onegciwane.

Ngesikhathi noma ngemuva kokuvuthwa , i-virion ingena esiteji sokuvuthwa lapho izintambo ezide zeprotheni zinqunywa zibe amaprotheni asebenzayo nama-enzyme. Ukuvuthwa kuyadingeka ukuze igciwane libe nesifo esithathelwanayo.

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I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba

I-electron micrograph yokuskena ye- Mycobacterium isifo sofuba , esibangela isifo sofuba (TB). I-TB ivame ukungena emaphashini, kepha ingabe ezinye izingxenye zomzimba, nazo. Kusukela ngo-1993, i- TB isifo sofuba senziwa yi-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njengesimo esichaza i- AIDS .

Emhlabeni wonke, i-TB iyimbangela ebangela ukufa phakathi kwabantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculazi. E-US, kubantu abangu-8 683 abane-TB ababenesifo sokuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ngo-2011, 6% babanjwe nge-HIV.

_Umthombo

_{Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC). "I-HIV nesifo sofuba." I-Atlanta, Georgia; Mashi 19, 2013.}

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Pneumocystis jiroveci

I-micrograph enesiliva enesiliva se- Pneumocystis jiroveci isikhunta esingaphansi kwenkomo yokunisela.

I-Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-PCP) ithathwa njengesimo esichaza i- AIDS kubantu abane-HIV. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwe- antiretroviral therapy (i-MAP) , ukukhubazeka kwe-PCP kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ukuphakama kwesifo se-HIV phakathi nawo-1990. Lokho kusho ukuthi i-PCP isesifo esiyingozi kakhulu kubantu abane- AIDS eNingizimu Afrika

I-P. jirovecii ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuthi i- P. carinii , kodwa kamuva yaguqulwa ukuyihlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo ze- Pneumocystis ezitholakala ezilwaneni.

_Umthombo:

_{Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC). "Ungakwazi Ukuvimbela i-PCP." I-Atlanta, Georgia; Juni 21, 2007.}

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Candida albicans

Ukuphakama okungu-1,000x kweSikhumbuzo se- Candida albicans engasetshenziswanga, eseceleni kwe-suspect ye-thrush.

C. albicans enye ye-genus ye-fungus fungi engabangela ukutheleleka kubantu, kusukela ku- candidiasis yomlomo ongenangqondo (thrush) kanye ne-vaginitis (isifo sesisu semvubelo) okungenzeka kube yingozi yokuphila, isifo se-systemic kubantu abanomzimba omzimba. I-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (i-CDC) ihlukanise i-candidiasis (i-candidiasis yamaphaphu, i-bronchi noma i-trachea) njenge- AIDS-isimo esichazayo kubantu abane-HIV.

I-Candidiasis ivame kubantu abane-HIV. Ngenkathi ukuqaliswa kwe- antiretroviral therapy (i-MAP) kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-candidiasis esophageal, isalokhu isinye sezifo ezivame ukungena emasimini emazweni ahluphekayo nalabo abahluphekayo.

C. albicans yizilwane ezivame kakhulu ezihlotshaniswa ne-candidiasis, nakuba ezinye izinhlobo ze- Candida (ezinjengokuthi zingabangela ukutheleleka kubantu.

_Umthombo:

_{I-Gona, i-P .; UVan Dyke, R .; Williams, P .; et al. "Isibalo Sokutheleleka Nezinye Izifo Ezinganeni Eziphethwe I-HIV esikhathini E-HAART." I-Journal ye-American Medical Association (JAMA). 2006; 296 (3): 292-300.}

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I-Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

I-papillomavirus yabantu (i-HPV) igciwane elingabangela ukutheleleka kubantu, futhi yisifo esithathelwana kakhulu ngokocansi (STD) e-US Nakuba abantu abaningi abanegciwane le-HPV bengabonakali kahle, benomthelela omncane wesikhathi eside, ezinye izinkinga zingabangela ama-warts ukuthi, ngamancane amacala, angase abe nekhanda lomlomo wesibeletho, i-vulva, isifazane, i-penis, i-anus, ne-oropharnx (ingxenye yomphimbo ngemuva komlomo).

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abesifazane abane-HIV basengozini enkulu yokuthola i-HPV kunabesifazane abangenayo igciwane lesandulela ngculaza, kuyilapho bebonisa izimo ezinkulu ezihlobene ne-HPV ezihlobene namangqamuzana omlomo wesibeletho. Yilawa maseli angaba ngumdlavuza wesibeletho.

Umdlavuza womlomo womlomo wesibeletho ungenye yezimiso ezihlukaniswe yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njengesifo esichaza i- AIDS kubantu abane-HIV.

Okwamanje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-cancer angu-90% anesifo somdlavuza anikezwa i-HPV, namadoda alala nobulili namadoda (MSM) asebenzisa izikhathi ezingaba ngu-35 ingozi yomdlavuza wesifo kunabantu abaningi.

_Umthombo:

_{Singh, D .; I-Anasto, K .; I-Hoover, D; et al. "Ukutheleleka komuntu we-papillomavirus kanye ne-cytology yomlomo wesibeletho ezithintekayo ngegciwane lesandulela-ngculazi nabesifazane abangenasandulela ngculaza." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199: 1851-1861.}

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Toxoplasma gondii

I-photomicrograph ye- Toxoplasma gondii etholakala kusibonelo sesisindo.

I-T. gondii iyi-protozoan enesibindi engabangela isifo esibizwa ngokuthi i- toxoplasmosis kubantu nakwezinye izidalwa zegazi ezifudumele. Uma ishiywe ingalashwa, i-toxoplasmosis ingabangela i-encephalitis enamandla (ukuvuvukala kobuchopho) nomonakalo we-retinal. Izibonakaliso ezivame kakhulu zezinzwa kukhona ukukhuluma nokulimala. Izifo ezithuthukisiwe, ukuhlukunyezwa, i-meningitis, umonakalo we-optic nerve, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwengqondo ngokuvamile kubonakala.

I-Toxoplasmosis yobuchopho ihlukaniswa yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS-defining disease kubantu abane-HIV.

Amacala angaphezu kuka-200 000 we-toxoplasmosis abikwa e-US njalo ngonyaka, okwenza kube nokufa okungaba ngu-750-okwenza kube yimbangela yesibili evame kakhulu yezifo ezithathelwanayo zokudla ngemuva kweSalmonella .

_Umthombo:

_{Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC). "I-toxoplasmosis (i-Toxoplasma Infection - i-Epidemiology ne-Fact Factors." I-Atlanta, i-Georgia; i-Global Health, i-Division of Parasitic Diseases kanye ne-Malaria; ngoJanuwari 10, 2012.}

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I-Salmonella

I-electron micrograph yokuskena ye- Salmonella enterobacteria ehlasela iseli lomuntu elikhulekele.

I-Salmonella septicemia yisimo lapho ukutholakala kwe- Salmonella egazini kubangela ukusongela ukuphila okungapheli, umzimba wonke wokuvuvukala. I-Salmonella septicemia ephindaphindiwe kubantu abane-HIV ihlukaniswa njengesifo esichaza ingculaza yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Njengoba kutholakala ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral (i-MAP) , i- salmonella septicemia ibhekwa njengavamile phakathi kwabantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza ezweni elithuthukile. Kodwa-ke, iningi le- Salmonella- okuhlobene nokufa okukwenzeka e-US kungabanye abantu asebekhulile noma labo abanezigciwane ezizivikela kakhulu.

_Umthombo:

_{Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC). "Isithasiselo A - I-AIDS Echaza Izimo." I-Atlanta, Georgia; iphelile ukubuyekezwa ngoNovemba 20, 2008.}

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Coccidioides immitis

I-micrograph ye-silver stain ye- Coccidiodes immitis spherule nge-endospores ebonakalayo.

I-Coccidioimycosis isifo esiwumkhuhlane esibangelwa i-C. immitis noma i- C. posadaii , futhi iyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Valley Fever." Kungokwemvelo izingxenye zeNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-US, ezivela eTexas kuya eningizimu yeCalifornia, kanye nasenyakatho yeMexico, eNyakatho Melika naseNingizimu Melika.

Ngenkathi i-coccidioimycosis ibonisa ngaphakathi emaphashini, lapho isakazeka ngaphezu kwamapayipi kubantu abane-HIV, kubhekwa njengesifo esichaza i- AIDS yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Ngo-2011, kubikwa amacala amasha angaphezu kwezingu-22 000 ze-coccidioimycosis, i-CDC, ukukhula okuphindwe kabili kusukela ngo-1998. E-California kuphela, inani landa kusuka ku-719 ngo-1998 lalinganiselwa ku-5,697 ngo-2011.

_Umthombo:

_{Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC). "Ukwandisa ku-Coccidioidomycosis ebikiwe - i-United States, ngo-1998-2011." Ukufa kanye nokubika kweMasonto onke (MMWR). NgoMashi 29, 2013: 62 (12): 217-221.}

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I-Varicella zoster

I-electron micrograph ebonakalayo ebomlilo ye- Varicella yoster virus.

I-Varicella zoster virus (VZV) ilungu lomndeni we-herpes virus, okuvame ukubangelwa inkukhupox ezinganeni, intsha kanye nabantu abadala. Ngemuva kokuxazululwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, i-VZV ilele kakhulu ohlelweni lwezinzwa, kungekho izinkinga ezengeziwe noma umphumela.

Kodwa-ke, kumacala angu-10-20%, i-VZV izophinde isetshenziswe ekukhuleni komuntu omdala, okuholela ekutheni i- herpes zoster (noma i-shingles) . Lokhu kuvame ukuvela kubantu asebekhulile noma abantu abanamasosha omzimba ahlasele kakhulu.

Abantu abanesandulela ngculazi banamathuba angaphezu kuka-17 okuba nokuvuselelwa kwe-VZV kunabantu abangenalo i-HIV. Ngenkathi i-herpes zoster ivela kaningi kubantu abanezibalo eziphansi ze- CD4 (ngaphansi kuka-200), bangabonisa kubantu abanokucindezelwa kwamagciwane okulinganisa (ama-CD4 azungeze 400).

I-VZV ingomndeni ofanayo wegciwane njengegciwane le- herpes simplex (HSV) . Ukutheleleka kweVVV akubhekwa njengesifo esichaza i- AIDS .

_Umthombo:

_{Jordaan, H. "Isikhumba esijwayelekile kanye nezifo ze-mucosal ze-HIV / AIDS." Imisebenzi Yomndeni waseNingizimu Afrika. 2008; 50 (6): 14-23.}

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I-Cystoispora belli (Isospora belli)

I-ultraviolet micrograph ye- Cystoisospora belli parasite encane.

I-Cystoispora belli (eyaziwa ngokuthi i- Isospora belli ) iyinambuzane emathumbu emathumbu angabangela isifo kubantu okuthiwa i- cystoisosporiasis .

Njengoba kutholakala ukwelashwa kwama-antiretroviral (i-MAP) , i-cystoisosporiasis ibhekwa njengavamile phakathi kwabantu abaphila negciwane lesandulela ngculaza ezweni elithuthukile. Kodwa-ke, ukuqhuma kwesinye isikhathi kuye kwabikwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa enkulu ekubuyeni abahamba ngezindawo ezibandayo lapho lesi sifo sanda khona.

I-Cystoisosporiasis ihlelwe yizikhungo ze-US for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njenge- AIDS- defining disease kubantu abane-HIV.

_Umthombo:

_{Amasevisi aseMelika okuLawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC). "Isithasiselo A - I-AIDS Echaza Izimo." I-Atlanta, Georgia; iphelile ukubuyekezwa ngoNovemba 20, 2008.}

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Cryptococcus neoformans

I-mucicarmine enezinhlamvu ezincane ze- Cryptococcus neoformans emathangeni amaphaphu abantu, enevubelo yamaseli abomvu.

C. i-neoformans ingenye yezinhlobo ezimbili ze-fungal ezingabangela izifo kubantu okuthiwa i-cryptococcosis. (Enye i- C . gattii .) Ukudluliselwa kubonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa ukufisa kwe-fungus, ekhona emhlabathini nasezintweni zezinyoni.

Ngenkathi iningi labantu abadala nezingane ezivezwe ku-fungus ngeke zihlakulele i-cryptococcosis, abantu abanamasosha omzimba ahlasele kakhulu banomngcipheko owengeziwe-nokutheleleka okwethulwa ngokuyinhloko emaphashini noma ohlelweni lwezinzwa (lapho kungabangela khona ukuhlasela okusongela ukuphila).

Ezweni elithuthukile, ukukhubazeka kwe-cryptococcosis kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo kusukela kokusungulwa kwe- antiretroviral therapy (ipati) . Kodwa-ke, lesi sifo sisengumthelela omkhulu ekufeni nasekufweni kwabantu ezweni elikhulayo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika yaseNingizimu Afrika.

I-cryptococcosis eyengeziwe yenziwa yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njengesifo esichaza i- AIDS kubantu abane-HIV.

_Umthombo:

_{I-Warkentien, i-T. ne-Crum-Cianflone, N. "Isibuyekezo ku-Cryptococcus phakathi kwabantu abane-HIV." I-International Journal yezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ne-AIDS. Okthoba 2010; 21 (10): 679-84.}

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Histoplasma capsulatum

I-photomicrograph ekhombisa ezimbili ze- Histoplasma capsulatum isikhunta.

H. capsulatum yi-fungus engabangela isifo kubantu okuthiwa i-histoplasmosis. I-H. capsulatum iyingxenye yezingxenye ze-US, kanye nezingxenye zase-Afrika, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eningizimu ye-Europe, nase-Central naseNingizimu Melika.

I- H. capsulatum ukhunta ingatholakala enhlabathini, ezinqeni zezinyoni, nase-bat guano. Ngenxa yokuhlangana kwayo namabhishi namapulangwe, lesi sifo sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Isifo sesigodlo" noma "amaphaphu we-Spelunker."

Abantu abangaba ngu-90% empumalanga nasenkabeni ye-US baye bavezwa ku- H. capsulatum , kanti iningi libhekene nemiphumela emincane noma engekho. Labo abavame ukuzwa izimpawu ezincane, eziwumkhuhlane, ezizixazulula ngokushesha ngaphandle komthelela ohlala njalo.

Kubantu abazivikele ekuzivikelweni, i-hertoplasmosis ingathuthuka ekutheleleni kwegciwane lesifo samapayipi, okufana nesibonakaliso sesifo sofuba. Ukusakaza i-histoplasmosis, engathinta izitho eziningi eziyinhloko, ngokuvamile ibonakala kwiziguli ezinegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ezinezibalo ze-CD4 ngaphansi kuka-150.

I-Histoplasmosis iye yahlukaniswa yi-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) njengesimo esichaza i- AIDS kubantu abane-HIV.

_Umthombo:

_{UKauffman, C. "I-Histoplasmosis: ukubuyekezwa kwemitholampilo kanye ne-laboratory." Ukuhlolwa kwe-Microbiology Clinical. Januwari 2007; 20 (1): 115-132.}