Uhlolojikelele Lokuhlasela Kwezinhliziyo
Ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo (noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-myocardial) yisimo esibi kakhulu lapho ingxenye yesifo senhliziyo ifa khona, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi igazi layo liphazanyiswa. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo kwenzeka lapho i- plaque ye-atherosclerotic ivele isuka emgodini we- coronary (umshini ohlinzeka ngegazi emzimbeni wenhliziyo), okwenza kube nokuvinjelwa okukhulu emthini.
Ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo kungaba nemiphumela emibi eminingana.
Ngokuvamile (kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi) kuveza izimpawu eziphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ubuhlungu besifuba, i- dyspnea (ukuphefumula), noma umuzwa wengozi ezayo. Uma ukulimala kwemisipha yenhliziyo kuphelele ngokwanele ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo kungakhula, kungaba nzima ngokuhlasela kwenhliziyo ngokwayo, noma kamuva. Ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo kuvame ukuveza ukungazinzi kagesi enhliziyweni, okungaholela ekufeni okungazelelwe kusuka e- fibrication ye-ventricular .
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Uhlu Lokuhlola: Ukuhlala Unempilo Ngemva kokuhlaselwa Inhliziyo
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Kuyini Ukukhubazeka KwamaHemodynamic?
Esimweni esihle kunazo zonke-okungenzeka kakhulu uma wenza ngokushesha uma ubona izimpawu zesifo senhliziyo, futhi odokotela bakho baqaphele ngokushesha inkinga futhi baphathe ngokushesha ukwelashwa okufanele-ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuyisimo esikhulu sokuvuka . Kubonisa ukuthi unesifo esingelapheki (isifo se- coronary artery, noma i-CAD ) esenze okungenani umonakalo enhliziyweni yakho futhi kungenzeka wenze umonakalo omkhulu ngaphandle kokuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele. Esimweni esingaphansi kokuhle kakhulu, ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo kungaveza ukukhubazeka okuphawulekayo nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Noma ngabe yikuphi, i-infarction ye-myocardial yisenzakalo esijulile empilweni yomuntu.
Uma ngabe uhlaselwe yinhliziyo, noma uma ingozi yokuba nomunye iphakanyisiwe , kuningi okudingeka ukwazi. Ngokuqonda izimbangela, izimpawu, izinyathelo zokuvimbela, kanye nokuphathwa kokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo, nangokusebenza eduze nodokotela wakho, ungenza ngcono amathuba akho okuphila impilo ende impilo yakho enhle.
Yini Ebangelwa Ukuhlaselwa Inhliziyo?
> Ukubheka ngokucophelela ukwakhiwa kwamapuleki emithanjeni engaholela ekuhlaselweni kwenhliziyo.
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kubangelwa ukuqhuma okuphawulekayo kwesikhala emgodini we-coronary. Ukuqhekeka kwe-plaque kubangela indlela yokuvala i - clotting ngaphakathi kwe-artery namafomu we-clot yegazi. I-clot yegazi ivimba umthamo okungenani ubukhulu obuningi. Uma ukuvinjelwa okunzima kunzima ngokwanele, imisipha yenhliziyo ehlinzekwa yilo mshini iqala ukufa-futhi kuhlasela isifo senhliziyo.
Umbuzo wokuthi kungani ama-plaque ephuka, futhi yiziphi izigcawu ezingase ziphume, yindawo yokucwaninga kwezokwelapha esebenzayo. Ngenkathi ngezinye izikhathi i-plaque izoqhekeka ngemva komunye uhlobo "wokuvusa" umcimbi (njengokucindezeleka okubuhlungu ngokomzimba noma ngokomzwelo), ukuphuka okuphambene kaningi okwenzekayo kungenasizathu esicacile, ngokungahleliwe, futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi okuvelayo okubangela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akucaci ukuthi odokotela abakhulu bezintambo bavame ukukhathazeka ngokuthi (uhlobo olukhonjiswe ngemuva kokuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo njengokuthi "ukuvinjelwa okuphawulekayo") kunomkhuba wokuphuka kunezinhlamvu ezincane, ezingenacala kakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi, noma ubani onomuntu omele i-CAD kufanele abhekwe njengengozini yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo-noma ngabe ama-plaque abo abizwa ngokuthi "abalulekile" futhi kufanele aphathwe ngendlela efanele.
'Izinhlobo' zokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo
I-plaque ye-artery coronary corterary empeleni ingaveza okungenani izimo ezintathu zemitholampilo ehlukene, konke okuhlanganiswa ndawonye ngaphansi kwegama elibizwa ngokuthi i-coronary syndrome, noma i-ACS . Izimpawu nazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu ze-ACS zivame ukufana, futhi zonke ezintathu zibhekwa njengeziphuthumayo zezokwelapha. Nokho, ezimbili kuphela ezibhekwa njengezifo zenhliziyo.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-ACS lubizwa nge-angina engaqiniseki. E-angina engaqiniseki, i-clot yegazi ephuma ekuqhekekeni kwe-plaque ayinkulu ngokwanele (noma ayihlali isikhathi eside ngokwanele) ukukhiqiza umonakalo unomphela emndenini wenhliziyo-ngakho angina engaqiniseki akuyona isifo senhliziyo.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokwelashwa okunamandla angina okungaqiniseki ngokuvamile kulandelwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ngokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. Funda nge-angina engaqiniseki .
Uhlobo olulandelayo lwe-ACS lubizwa ngokuthi i-ST-elevation infyoction infarction (STEMI). Leli gama livela eqinisweni lokuthi ingxenye "yesigaba se-ST" ye- electrocardiogram (ECG) ibonakala iphakanyisiwe kulokhu, uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwe-ACS. Ngenkinga ye-STEMI, i-clot yegazi inkulu kakhulu futhi inzima, ngakho ingxenye enkulu ye-muscle yenhliziyo ehlinzekwa ngombono owonakele izofa ngaphandle kokwelapha okusheshayo. Funda mayelana ne-STEMI .
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwe-ACS yi-infarction ye-elevation ye-myocardial ye-segment ST engaxhunyiwe ku-ST, engacatshangwa njengesimo esiphakathi kwe-angina engaqiniseki ne-STEMI. Lapha, ukuvinjelwa kwe-artery coronary kuyingxenye kuphela, kodwa kusencane ngokwanele ukukhiqiza okungenani umonakalo emndenini wenhliziyo. Funda mayelana ne-NSTEMI.
Bobabili i-STEMI ne-NSTEMI, ngaphandle kokwelashwa okwanele, kuzokhipha umonakalo unomphela emzimbeni wenhliziyo, ngakho kokubili lezi zinhlobo ze-ACS zibhekwa njengokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi odokotela bakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo ngoba ukwelapha okunzima kungahluka phakathi kwabo.
Izimpawu Zokuhlaselwa Inhliziyo
Isifo sokuqala senhliziyo isifo esibuhlungu esifubeni, esingase sifinyelele emhlathini noma engalweni, futhi lokho kungase kuhambisane nokujuluka, nokuzizwa kwesaba okukhulu noma ukulimala okuzayo.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abanesifo senhliziyo abanalo lezimpawu zakudala. Kungenzeka ukuthi abanaso ubuhlungu besifuba noma-noma yibuphi ubuhlungu. Bangase bachaze izimpawu zabo njengengcindezi, noma ukukhathazeka kwe-nondescript- "umuzwa onobuhle." Futhi lezi zimpawu zingase zingabonakali esifubeni, kodwa kunalokho ngemuva, emahlombe, entanyeni, ezandleni noma emgodini wesisu.
Abantu abanezinhlupho ezimbi ezimbi ze-myocardial bangase babe nokuhlushwa okungazelelwe noma ukuhlanza, noma ukuphefumula. Noma, bangase babe nezinto abazichazayo ngokuthi "ukushaya inhliziyo" futhi akukho okunye okunye.
Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zesifo senhliziyo zingumlingisi onjalo kangangokuthi kulula ukuzisusa. Kulula ukulinda nje ukubona ukuthi bayahamba yini ngokwabo. Futhi izikhathi eziningi, zenza. Laba bantu yibo abazotholakala kamuva, lapho ekugcineni bebona udokotela, njengoba bephethe okuthiwa " ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo okuthulile ."
Inkathazo ukuthi konke ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo-ngisho nalabo abathule-ukukhiqiza umonakalo unomphela emzimbeni wenhliziyo, ngokuvamile umonakalo okwanele obangela ukukhubazeka, noma ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuphila ngesilinganiso esibalulekile. Ukunciphisa umonakalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo, futhi uthole usizo lwezokwelapha masinyane, kanti imisipha yenhliziyo isabonakala.
Imiphumela ye-Attack Heart
Imiphumela Esheshayo. Ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izinhlobo zezimpawu esizikhulume ngazo, ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo okukhulu kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu. Uma inani lezinhlanzi zenhliziyo ezithinteka umthambo we-coronary elivinjiwe ligcwele, umuntu onesifo senhliziyo angase azwe ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo. Lokhu kwehluleka kwenhliziyo kungabangela ukuphefumula okukhulu, ukucindezela kwegazi okuphansi, ukukhanya okuphansi noma i- syncope , nokuhluleka kwamalungu amaningi. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukugeleza kwegazi kungabuyiselwa kumisipha yenhliziyo ethintekayo ngokushesha, lolu hlobo lokuhluleka kwenhliziyo oluvame ukuholela ekufeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo enzima imisipha yenhliziyo efayo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kagesi, futhi ijwayele ukufiphazwa kwe-ventricular fibrillation. Ngakho ingozi yokufa okungazelelwe phakathi kwamahora ambalwa okuqala okuhlasela kwenhliziyo iphakanyisiwe. Kodwa-ke, i-fibrillation ye-ventricular ingaphathwa ngendlela ephumelelayo kakhulu (nge-defibrillation) uma kwenzeka lapho umuntu engaphansi kwezempilo. Lesi esinye isizathu sokuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuthi ungazami "ukuphuma" noma yiziphi izimpawu ezingase zimelele ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo.
Imiphumela Yamuva. Ngisho nangemva kokuba isigaba esibucayi sesifo senhliziyo sesiphelile, kusekhona izinto eziningi ezikhathazayo okudingeka zibhekiswe kuzo.
Okokuqala, umonakalo owenziwe enhlungwini yenhliziyo ungashiya inhliziyo ibuthakathaka, futhi ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo kungahle kufike ekugcineni. Okwesibili, kuye ngokuthi inani lomonakalo unomphela owenziwe emzimbeni wenhliziyo, ingozi yokufa kungazelelwe ingakhuphuka. Okwesithathu, iqiniso lokuthi ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo kwenzeke umuntu engozini enkulu kakhulu yokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo.
Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwelashwa kwesifo senhliziyo akupheli lapho umcimbi onzima usuphelile. Ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo okuhloswe ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa zonke lezi zintathu "imiphumela ephuthumayo" imiphumela ibalulekile.
Ukuhlaselwa Kwentliziyo Kutholakala Kanjani?
Ukubona ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo kaningi kunzima kakhulu-uma nje izimpawu zomuntu ziphapheme abasebenzi bezokwelapha kulokho kungenzeka. Ngokuvamile, umuntu obhekene nezimpawu acabanga ukuthi angahlotshaniswa nenhliziyo yakhe, ngenxa yokucabanga okufisayo, wehlisa izimpawu lapho efika ekamelweni eliphuthumayo. Lena indlela engalungile. Uma ngokushesha abasebenzi bezokwelapha bexwayiswa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-infarction ye-myocardial, ngokushesha bayokwenza noma baqaphele ukuthi ukuxilongwa.
Khumbula ukuthi, uma kuziwa ekuhlaselweni kwenhliziyo, yonke iminithi ibalwa. Ngakho-ke uma unganandaba kakhulu ukuthi izimpawu zakho kungenzeka zivela enhliziyweni yakho, udinga ukuthi, "Ngicabanga ukuthi nginesihlungu senhliziyo." Lokhu kuzokwenza ibhola liqhume ngokushesha.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukurekhoda i-ECG (okungabonisa ushintsho lwezici zesifo senhliziyo) nokuthumela ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze kulinganise ama-enzyme enhliziyo (okuzobona ukuthi ukulimala kwamangqamuzana enhliziyo kwenzeke yini) kuzoqinisekisa noma kungavumelani ukuxilongwa kwesifo senhliziyo ngokushesha . Ngokushesha ukuxilongwa kwenziwa, izinyathelo ezifanele ngokushesha zingathathwa ukuze zimise umonakalo.
Ukwelashwa: Amahora Wokuqala Okubalulekile
Ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo ephuthumayo yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha. Imisipha yenhliziyo ishona, futhi ukwelashwa okusheshayo kubalulekile. Amaminithi angenza umehluko phakathi kokuphumula okuphelele nokukhubazeka okuhlala njalo noma ukufa. Yingakho akekho ozozibheka noma yiziphi izimpawu eziphazamisayo, ezingachazwanga ezenzeka noma yikuphi ngaphezu kwesinqe.
Uma umuntu engaphansi kokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha futhi i-infarction eqhubekayo ye-myocardial iye yatholakala, ukwelashwa kuqala ngokushesha. Lokhu ukwelashwa okunamandla ngokuvamile kuqukethe izindlela ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ukuzinza nokuvuselela.
"Ukuzinza" kuhlanganisa ukuqeda izimpawu ezinzima, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka ezinsikeni zenhliziyo, ukusekela ukucindezelwa kwegazi (uma kunesidingo), ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqiniswa kweplate ephukile, nokuyeka ukwakheka kwamakhebhu egazi emthini owonakele. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokulawula i- nitroglycerin , i-oksijeni, i-morphine, i- beta blockers , i- statin , i- aspirin , kanye nomunye umuthi we-anti-platelet njengo-Plavix .
Kodwa-ke, ukhiye wangempela wemiphumela emihle ukuvuselela imisipha yenhliziyo efa-okungukuthi, ukubuyisela igazi ukugeleza kwe-artery coronary-evinjiwe-nokwenza ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Umonakalo omkhulu we-cardiac ongapheli ungagwenywa uma umthambo ungavuleka kabusha ngaphakathi kwamahora amane. Futhi okungenani umonakalo ongunaphakade ungavinjelwa uma umthambo uvulwa ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-8 kuya kwangu-12. Ngokusobala, isikhathi sibalulekile.
Ngenkinga ye-STEMI (uhlobo lokuhlasela kwenhliziyo lapho umthambo we-coronary uvinjelwe ngokuphelele), i-revascularization ifezeke, mhlawumbe, ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okungenayo- angioplasty kanye ne- stenting . Ngezinye izikhathi le ndlela ayinakwenzeka noma ingozi kakhulu, lapho kwenzeka khona ukwelashwa kwe-thrombolytic (i-"clot-busting" drug) esetshenziselwa ukuqothula i-clot nokubuyisela ukugeleza kwegazi.
Nge-NSTEMI (uhlobo lokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo lapho umthambo we-coronary uvinjelwe kancane kancane), ukwelashwa kwe-thrombolytic kuboniswe ukuthi kubangele ukulimala kunokuhle, futhi kufanele kugwenywe. Ngezinye izikhathi abantu abane-NSTEMI bangaphathwa ngezinyathelo zokuzinza zodwa (okuyinto ephenduka ngendlela efana ne-angina engaqiniseki). Kodwa-ke, iningi lezinzwa ze-cardiologists likholelwa ukuthi ukugxuma kusebenza kahle ekulondolozeni isisu senhliziyo nge-NSTEMI, futhi ngokuvamile kuyindlela yokukhetha ye-STEMI ne-NSTEMI.
Umgomo jikelele phakathi kwamahora ambalwa okuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwegazi kubuyiselwa kumisipha yenhliziyo engozini, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela kabusha ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwegazi, nokunciphisa umthwalo wezinhliziyo eziphezulu. Ezimweni eziningi-ikakhulukazi uma ukwelashwa sekuqalile ngokushesha-abantu abahlaselwa yinhliziyo ejulile bazinzile ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-24.
Ngemuva koSuku Lokuqala: Usuke Usinda Ekuhlaselweni Kwezinhliziyo-Manje Kanjani?
Uma usuhambe ngokuphumelelayo isigaba esibucayi sokuhlasela kwenhliziyo-amahora angu-24 okuqala noma-sekuyisikhathi sokuba wena nodokotela bakho baqale ukwelashwa okuhlose ukuvimbela imiphumela emithathu yokuphela kwesifo senhliziyo: ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, ukufa okungazelelwe, kanye ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo okuqhubekayo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo kubulala enye imisipha yenhliziyo. Inhlitiyo yenhliziyo efile iguqulwa ibe yisisindo esibuhlungu, esithinta inhliziyo ndawonye kodwa engenzi isandla emsebenzini wenhliziyo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uhlakulela ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo emva kokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo kuncike ekutheni umonakalo nokuthi indlela esele isisindo senhliziyo "ishintsha" ngayo isimo esisha. I-muscle yenhliziyo evamile, evamile isabela ngokushintsha isimo sayo, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukulungiswa kabusha." Nakuba inani elithile lokulungiswa lingase libe nenzuzo ekuqaleni, ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukulungiswa kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo. Funda mayelana nokulungiswa kwenhliziyo.
Kunezinto eziningana odokotela okufanele bazenze ukuze basize izinhliziyo zabo iziguli ukuba zigweme ukulungiswa kwenhliziyo futhi zisize ukuvimbela ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo. Okuyinhloko phakathi kwalawa ukusetshenziswa kwe-beta blockers ne- ACE inhibitors , kodwa ezinye izinyathelo ziyadingeka futhi. Kufanele uqaphele zonke izinyathelo ezitholakalayo zokuvimbela ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, futhi qiniseka ukuthi udokotela wakho uyaphakamisa lokho okusebenza kuwe.
Ingxoxo yokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo ejwayele ukuphunyuka yizinhliziyo ze-cardiologists ingxoxo mayelana nokufa okungazelelwe. Lesi yisihloko odokotela abaningi abathola kanzima ukukhuluma ngaso. Kodwa-ke, ukufa okungazelelwe kuyingozi enkulu kubantu abaningi emva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, ikakhulukazi abantu abaye banomonakalo omkhulu ezinhlungwini zabo zenhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi yokufa okungazelelwe inganciphisa kakhulu, kubantu abanengozi enkulu kakhulu, ngokusetshenziswa kwe-defibrillator engasetshenziswa . Sula imikhombandlela mayelana nokuthi yikuphi abantu okufanele babhekwe njenge-defibrillator engasetshenziselwa emva kokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo, kanti udokotela wakho ukukhokhela ingxoxo yokuthi ngabe ungomunye walabo bantu.
Umuntu osinda ekuhlaselweni kwenhliziyo uyazi okuthile ngawe ngokwabo okungenzeka babengakazi ngaphambili: Bane-CAD, futhi bangengozi enkulu yokwehla kwesifo senhliziyo. Le ngozi ingathuthukiswa kakhulu ngemithi futhi iphile ngendlela enempilo. Ngaphandle kwe-beta blockers kanye ne-ACE inhibitors (ewusizo ekuvimbeleni ukulungiswa kwenhliziyo), iningi labantu abaye lahlaselwa isifo senhliziyo kudingeka libe nesimiso se-aspirin, futhi mhlawumbe ngemithi yokwelapha noma yokuvimbela ama- angina angaphezulu (njenge-nitrates noma i- calcium channel blockers ).
Izindlela zokuphila ezithuthukisa kakhulu ingozi yenhliziyo yesikhathi esizayo zihlanganisa ukuqeda konke ukusetshenziswa kwegwayi, ukudla inhliziyo enempilo yokudla , ukulawula isisindo, ukuthola ukulawula okuhle kwesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu (uma unayo), nokuzivocavoca njalo (ikakhulukazi ukuqala ngokuvuselelwa kwenhliziyo Uhlelo ).
Uhla lokuhlola lwe-Post-Heart Attack
Yilokho konke okumele ukwazi futhi ucabange ngakho. Qagela? Kuyinto eningi ukuthi udokotela wakho azi futhi acabange ngakho. Futhi kule ndawo yezokwelapha yanamuhla, kungenzeka ukuthi ngisho nodokotela onokwenkolo kakhulu uyolahlekelwa ezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela omuhle ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.
Ngakho-ke, uhlu lokuhlola lwe-post-heart olungase luwusizo. Hlulela umugqa ngamunye walolu hlu lokuhlola nodokotela wakho, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi awukhohlwa ngokungaqondile isinyathelo esibhekele impilo yakho enhle ye-cardiac. Usuke uhamba ndawonye okuningi-masingavumeli noma ubani ovumela ibhola ukuba liwehliswe manje.
Izwi elivela
Ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo ibhizinisi elibi. Ngenhlanhla, ngalokho esikufundile mayelana nokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo emashumini ambalwa edlule, futhi ngezinqubo ezintsha zokwelashwa eziye zaqalwa ukuzophatha, amathuba okufa noma ukukhubazeka okuhlala njalo emva kokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo kuye kwehliswa kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze uthole zonke izinzuzo zale ntuthuko ephawulekayo yezokwelapha, udinga ukwazi konke ongakwenza mayelana nokuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo-ikakhulukazi, ukuthi ungabona kanjani ukuthi unayo eyodwa, nokuthi yini okufanele ulindele endleleni yokwelapha. Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sizokuqala ngalokho okudingeka ukwazi.
> Imithombo:
> Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 Isiqondiso se-AHA / ACC sokuphathwa kweziguli ezine-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: isishwankathelo esiphezulu: umbiko we-American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Task Force on Guidelines Practice. Ukujikeleza 2014; 130: 2354.
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