Izifo Zegciwane

Sibutsetelo sezifo ze-Thyroid

Isifo se-thyroid singenye yezinto ezivame kakhulu, kodwa ezingacatshangwa futhi ezinganakwa, izimo zaseMelika. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-United States, okungenani izigidi ezingu-27-futhi abaningi abangaba yizigidi ezingu-60-abantu banesifo se-thyroid.

Abesifazane bakha iningi leziguli ze-thyroid. Futhi ngeshwa, abantu abanenkinga ye-thyroid kepha bengakatholakali ukuthi bakha iziguli eziningi ze-thyroid.

Ake sihlole ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezici ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile zesifo se-thyroid.

Iyini i-Thyroid?

I-thyroid yakho iyinkinga encane efana ne-butterfly ehlezi entanyeni yakho ngezansi nangemva kwe-apple yakho ka-Adam. I-thyroid enempilo ngokuvamile isisindo esisodwa. Umsebenzi wekhambi ukukhiqiza i-hormone ye-thyroid ebalulekile kuwo wonke umsebenzi womzimba wakho.

Ingubo yakho ye-thyroid iyisitho esiyinhloko emzimbeni ongakwazi ukuthola i-iodine. I-thyroid ithatha i-iodine ekudleni kwakho futhi iguqula ibe ama-hormone e-thyroid.

• Izimo ezihlobene nezifo ze-Thyroid

• Indlela Izifo Ze-Thyroid Ezihluke Ngayo Amadoda

Ihlanganisa i-amino acid tyrosine ne-iodine ukwenza i-hormone yegciwane.

Amahomoni amabili ayisihluthulelo akhiqizwa yi-thyroid yi-thyroxine-eyaziwa njenge-T4-ne-triiodothyronine-eyaziwa nge-T3. Lezi zinhloso ezibalulekile zokulawula ama-hormone ukulawula indlela amangqamuzana akho, izitho, izicubu kanye nezigulane zisebenzisa ngayo i-oxygen namandla.

Konke emzimbeni wakho kuxhomeke ku-hormone yegciwane-kuhlanganise nokugaya, ukukhula kwezinwele zakho nezipikili, ukushayela ucansi lwakho, nokusebenza kwezitho zakho nezithobezi. Ubuchopho bakho, inhliziyo, kanye nesimetabolism zixhomeke ikakhulukazi emazingeni afanele wehomoni ye-thyroid ukuze isebenze kahle futhi kahle.

I-thyroid isebenza nge-feedback loop ne-pituitary gland yakho.

I-pituitary ithola amazinga we-hormone yegciwane ejikelezayo egazini lakho futhi ekhishwa-noma ehlisa ukukhululwa kwe-hormone okuthiwa i-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Lapho i-TSH ikhishwa, umsebenzi wayo ukugqugquzela i-thyroid ukuba ikhiqize ama-hormone amaningi. Lapho amazinga e-TSH ewa, umlayezo we-thyroid ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hormone yegciwane.

Iyini Izifo Ze-Thyroid?

Kunezinhlobo ezithile zezifo ezithile-hhayi izimo eziba sengathi i-hyper noma i-hypothyrodism-engayithinta igciwane lakho le-thyroid. Izimo ze-thyroid ngokuvamile zivela ngesifo segciwane esingaphansi. Izifo ezahlukene ezithinta i-thyroid zihlanganisa:

Izifo zikaHashimoto

Lesi yisifo esizimele, okusho ukuthi amasosha omzimba wakho ahlasele ngendlela engafanele igciwane lakho le-thyroid. Isikhali? Ama-antibodies ahlasela i-thyroid umzimba wakho, kuhlanganise ne-peroxidase antibodies ye-thyroid (TPO) ne-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb).

Isifo sikaHashimoto ngokuvamile sibangela ukuvuvukala nokubhujiswa kancane kancane kwegciwane lakho le-thyroid ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ekugcineni, iningi labantu abaneHashimoto liphela nge-hypothyroidism, isimo se-hormone enganele ngokwanele.

Nokho, i-Hashimoto ingaba nezikhathi noma izigaba zokuphelelwa isikhathi, okubizwa ngokuthi i-hyperthyroidism. Kubuye kube neengozi eyanda kakhulu yezinyosi ze-thyroid, i-goiter (i-thyroid ekhulisiwe), futhi ingozi ekhishe kancane yomdlavuza wegciwane.

Izifo zamathuna

Lesi sifo yisifo esizimele lapho amasosha omzimba wakho akhiqiza ngendlela engalungile amasosha omzimba, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies we-thyroid (TSI). Lezi zinselo zamagciwane zithinta kakhulu igciwane le-thyroid bese libangela ukuba i-hormone ye-thyroid yenzeke ngokweqile.

Kwezinye izimo, ama-antibodies we-TPO ne-TgAb angaphakanyiswa. Ukuqothulwa kwe-thyroid kubangelwa ukwanda ngokweqile kwehomoni ye-thyroid (i-hyperthyroidism) noma i-thyrotoxicosis. Isifo se-Graves sivame ukuhambisana ne-goiter futhi kwezinye izimo izigulane ze-thyroid.

I-Cancer Cancer

Lokhu kubhekisela kumdlavuza ovela emthonjeni wegciwane. Umdlavuza we-thyroid uvame ukutholakala emaqunjini (izimpukane ezigcwele amanzi noma eziqinile) egunjini le-thyroid.

Kunezinhlobo ezine zomdlavuza wegciwane:

1. Umdlavuza we-papillary noma we-papillary-follicular we-thyroid owenza amaphesenti angama-80 azo zonke izinhlobo zegciwane le-thyroid.
2. I-follicular noma ikhubaza isifo somdlavuza we -roid esenza cishe amaphesenti angu-15 amacala.
3. Umdlavuza we-Medullary we-thyroid owenza cishe amaphesenti amathathu wegciwane le-thyroid.
4. Umdlavuza we-thyroid wesikole owenza cishe amaphesenti amabili wamacala.

Iningi lamagciwane e-thyroid libhekwa njengelashwa futhi lingasinda kakhulu.

> Buka isifo se-thyroid nesigaba somdlavuza we-thyroid.

I-Thyroiditis

Lesi yisigaba sezifo ze-thyroid ezibandakanya ukuvuvukala kwegciwane lakho le-thyroid. I-Thyroiditis ingabangelwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-antibody ku-gland, amagciwane, namagciwane. Izinhlobo ze-thyroiditis zihlanganisa:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis / de quervain's thyroiditis / ubuhlungu subacute thyroiditis
• I-thyroiditis ehlukumezayo
• I-thyroiditis engenamaphutha / i-thyroiditis ephilile
• I-thyroiditis ye-Riedel / thyroiditis engavamile
• I-Postpartum thyroiditis

Ukwelashwa kuxhomeke kuhlobo lwe-thyroiditis kanye nemigqa kusuka ekuqapheni kanye nemithi engeyona i-steroidal anti-inflammatory kuma-antibiotics kanye nemithi ye-hormone esikhundleni somuthi we-thyroid.

• Isebenza kanjani Gland Gland Umsebenzi?

• I-Antibody Yami ye-Thyroid ye-Hashimoto iyabonakala, kepha i-TSH yami ijwayelekile

I-Goiter Multinodular Goiter

Lesi yisifo lapho isikhumba segilo sikhula khona futhi sandisa (goiter). Ngokuvamile, ama-nodules "asebenzayo," okusho ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-hormone ye-gland ye-gland, ama-nodules wona nawo akhiqiza futhi akhiphe i-hormone ye-thyroid. I-goiter ye-toxicular inxular ngokuvamile ibangela hyperthyroidism.

Yiziphi Izinto Eziyinhloko Zengozi?

Izinto ezibalulekile eziyingozi ezifweni zegciwane zihlanganisa:

• Ukuntuleka kwe-iodine noma ngokweqile
• Ukuvezwa kwe-radioactivity noma ukuwa kwe-radioactive
• Ukwedlula ngokweqile kokudla kwe-soy nokudla kwe-goitrogenic
• Ukuhlinzwa noma ukuhlukumezeka endaweni yenduku
• Ukukhulelwa noma ukubeletha kwamuva
• Ubulili besifazane
• Umlando womuntu siqu noma womndeni wesifo esizimele
• Ukubhema ugwayi

Yiziphi Izimo Ezihlukene Ze-Thyroid?

I-Hypothyroidism

Isimo esivame kakhulu se-thyroid yisifo se-hypothyroidism, esibhekisela esimweni lapho ungenayo i-hormone ye-thyroid eyanele. Inombangela eminingi:

• I-Hashimoto's thyroiditis-isimo esizimele esenza ukukhubazeka noma ukubhujiswa kwegciwane le-thyroid.
• I-post-surgical hypothyroidism-ngemuva kokunye noma ingxenye yengubo yegciwane iye yasuswa ngokuhlinzwa.
• I-post-ablation hypothyroidism-imiphumela ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-iodine yama-radioactive (RAI) esetshenziselwa umdlavuza we -roid, isifo se-Graves, nakwezinye izimo ze-hypothyroidism nama-nodules.
• I-hypothyroidism ekhulile-uma ingane izalwa ngaphandle kwegciwane le-thyroid noma nge-gland engalungile engakwazi ukukhiqiza i-hormone eyanele ye-thyroid.
• Iodine-ukuntuleka hypothyroidism-ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-iodine ekudleni.
• Imishanguzo ye-drug-and-supplement-induced-hypothyroidism-izidakamizwa kanye nezithako ezinamandla okubangela i-hypothyroidism.
• I-hypothyroidism eyenziwe nge- goitrogen-ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-goitrogens eluhlaza-ukudla okunamakhemikhali kulabo abaphuza i-thyroid.
• I-Secondary / central hypothyroidism-ngenxa yephutha ekusebenzeni / ekuxhumaniseni i-pituitary gland kanye ne-hypothalamus.
• I-hypothyroidism ehlukumezayo-ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu entanyeni, njenge-whiplash noma ukuphula intamo, ixhunywe ekuqaleni kwe-hypothyroidism.
• I-Hypothyroidism engaziwayo / idiopathic hypothyroidism-kunezimo lapho i-thyroid iba khona engasebenzi futhi akukho nezinye izimbangela noma izifo ezitholakala.

Hyperthyroidism

Lokhu kubhekisela esimweni lapho i-gland yegciwane igqithisa kakhulu i-hormone ye-thyroid. Ibuye inezimbangela eziningi:

• Isifo se-Graim's-autoimmune-imbangela evamile kakhulu ye-hyperthyroidism.
• Ukuzibulala ngokuzenzakalelayo isifo sikaHashimoto-ngezinye izikhathi kubangela izikhathi ze hyperthyroidism yesikhashana.
• I-hyperthyroidism-ngokweqile kwe-iodine-kubangelwa ukugqithisa ngokweqile noma ukwanda ngokweqile kwe-iodine.
• I-hyperthyroidism-izidakamizwa kanye nezengezo-ezibangelwa izidakamizwa eziningana zemithi kanye nezinye izithako ezingaphezu kwe-counter.
• Izifo eziningi eziyingozi zesifo-isimo esivame ukubangelwa ukwanda ngokweqile kwehomoni ye-thyroid.
• I-Thyroiditis-izinhlobo ezithile zingabangela izikhathi ze-hyperthyroidism.
• I-hyperthyroidism eyenziwa yi-pituitary-lapho ingilazi ye-thyroid ingakwazi ukugqithiswa kakhulu yi-pituitary gland futhi ivelise ngokweqile i-hormone yegciwane.
• Izigulane ze-thyroid-kwezinye izimo zingabangela ukwelashwa kwegciwane lesigungu esiseduze, okwenza i-hyperthyroidism. Bangakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza i-hormone ye-thyroid.

I-Goiter

Lokhu kubhekisela esimweni lapho isikhumba se-thyroid sikhuliswa ngesayizi. I-Goiter ingabangela izifo ze-Hashimoto's and Graves ezizenzakalelayo, iodine ngokweqile nokuntuleka, nesifo se -roid nodular.

Izimpawu

Izimpawu zesifo se-thyroid zivame ukukhombisa ukungasebenzi kwe-gland (hypothyroidism), ukuphelelwa amandla (hyperthyroidism), ukusebenza komuntu siqu, kanye / noma ukuvuvukala / ukwandisa / ukwethula kwintanyeni (thyroiditis, nodules, umdlavuza.)

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-hypothyroidism zihlanganisa:

• Ukukhathala
• Inzuzo yesisindo
• Ukungakwazi ukulahlekelwa isisindo ngokudla nokuzivocavoca
• Ukuqokwa
• Ukungenzi lutho
• Ukuzwa kubanda
• Ukulahleka kwezinwele (kuhlanganise nengqimba yangaphandle yamashiya)
• Inkungu yobuchopho
• Izinhlungu zomzimba nama-joint

Izimpawu ezivamile ze-hyperthyroidism zihlanganisa:

• Ukukhathazeka
• Ukungalali
• Ukuzizwa komsindo
• Izidlova
• I-reflexes exaggerated
• Inkokhelo yenhliziyo ephakeme
• Isifo sohudo noma izihlalo ezivulekile
• Ukuzwa uphelelwe amandla
• Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo esingachaziwe

Izimpawu entanyeni nasendaweni yegciwane ezingasikisela inkinga ye -roid zihlanganisa:

• Imisipha ingakhathazeki
• Ukubonakala kwe-thyroid noma ubomvu obonakalayo
• Ungakhathazeki ngezibopho, ama-scarves, ama-turtlenecks, noma imigexo
• Ukuthuthumela
• Umphimbo obuhlungu
• Ukukhathazeka entanyeni
• Kunzima ukugwinya

Kwezinye izimo, izifo nezimo ze-thyroid zingenayo izimpawu nhlobo, njengomdlavuza wegciwane noma izinhlobo ezithile ze-thyroiditis.

Ukuhlola nokuhlola

Ukuxilongwa kwesimo se -roid kuhilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile:

• Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi : Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-hormone ye-thyroid (Free T4), i-thyroxine yamahhala (i-Free T4) ne-triiodothyronine (i-Free T3) ye-antibodies testing ukuhlolisisa isifo sikaHashimoto ne-Graves, nokuhlolwa kwamazinga we-T3.
• Ukuhlola ukuhlolwa : Kunezivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola izithombe ezenziwa ukuze zihlolisise ubukhulu, ukuma nokusebenza kwegciwane le-thyroid. Lezi zivivinyo zibuye zibuke ama-nodules noma izimpumputhe futhi zihlolisise noma zingabe zisolisa umdlavuza wegciwane bese zidinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe. Lezi zivivinyo zihlanganisa ukuphakama kwe-iodine (RAI-U), i-CT, i-CT emifanekiso, i-MRI), ne-ultrasound.
• Ukuhleleka kwenaliti yokufisa isilwane : Ukufisa isilwane esihle (FNA) biopsy kwenziwa lapho ama-nodules e-thyroid ibhekwa njengesola futhi kudingeka ahlolwe umdlavuza we-thyroid.

Ukwelapha

I-Hypothyroidism

Lesi simo siphathwa ngemithi ye-hormone esikhundleni se-thyroid . Lezi imishanguzo yemithi efaka i-hormone ye-thyroid engekho emzimbeni.

• Isidakamizwa se-hormone esikhundleni se-thyroid ebizwa ngokuthi i-hormone thyroxine.
• Kukhona nefomu lokufakelwa kwe-T3 hormone, eyaziwa njenge-liothyronine, ngezinye izikhathi yengezwe ku-levothyroxine yokwelashwa kwe-T4 / T3.
• Futhi, kunezidakamizwa ezithathelwanayo ezibizwa nge-hormone ebizwa ngokuthi i-natural disiccated thyroid, ngezinye izikhathi ezifingqiwe i-NDT noma okuthiwa "i-extract ye-thyroid." Nakuba selukhona isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu futhi lisasetshenziswa namuhla, i-NDT ibhekwa ingxabano ngumphakathi wezokwelapha ovamile.

Izifo zamangcwaba kanye ne-Hyperthyroidism

Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko ukuthi izifo ze-Graves kanye ne-hyperthyroidism engapheli ziphathwa:

1. Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ze- Antithyroid -Izidakamizwa ze-Antithyroid, ezihlanganisa i-methimazole (tapazole), i-carbimazole (neo-mercazole), ne-propylthiouracil (PTU), zinganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-thyroid ye-hormone yegciwane.
2. Ukwelashwa kwe-iodine yama-radium (i-RAI) -Ingxenye yesilinganiso esisodwa, noma i-capsule noma isiphuzo, ingena ku-thyroid, idlulisa amangqamuzana ekhanda, futhi iwalimaze futhi ibabulale. Lokhu kunciphisa i-thyroid, kunciphise umsebenzi wayo, futhi kuguqula i-hyperthyroidism.
3. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-thyroid / thyroidectomy- Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kwenziwa njengendlela yokwelapha izifo ze-Graves kanye ne-hyperthyroidism, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangakwazi ukubekezelela izidakamizwa ze-antithyroid noma abakhulelwe futhi i-RAI ayiyona inketho.

I-Cancer Cancer

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza we -roid njalo kuhilela ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kwegciwane le-thyroid . Ukuze uthole olunye uhlobo olunamandla lomdlavuza we-thyroid, lokhu kungalandelwa ukwelashwa kwe-RAI ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaseli wegciwane abhujiswa, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ablation ablation.

Ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-gland yegciwane, iziguli zisebenza nge-hypothyroid futhi zidinga ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo kwe-hormone ye-thyroid. Ngokuvamile, ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa-kuhlanganisa ukukhanya kwemisebe yangaphandle, i-chemotherapy, i-radiofrequency ablation, kanye nama-ethanol-injection-asetshenziswa.

I-autoimmunity kanye ne-Hashimoto

Izisebenzi zokwelapha ezididiyelwe nezisebenzayo ngezinye izikhathi ziphatha isifo se-autoimmune, ikakhulukazi iHashimoto, nesisindo semithi esincane esine-naltrexone (i-LDN) esingasiza ama-antibodies aphansi.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zihlanganisa:

• Ukwengezwa nge-selenium kuma-antibodies aphansi
• Ukubhekisana nokungalingani okuhambisana nokungaqondakali okungenzeka kube nzima ukwenza ukwelashwa kwegciwane
• Izinguquko zezinkukhu ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala
• Ukuqeda i-gluten ekudleni ngenxa yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-gluten nokuzimela
• Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokuphathwa

Ukuzala nokukhulelwa

Inqubo yokuzala iyisikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu sokunakekelwa impilo nempilo ye-thyroid. Umsebenzi onempilo we-thyroid udinga ukuzala, ukukhulelwa okuphumelelayo , nokuphila kwangemva kokubeletha .

Uma kunesimo sengqondo se-non-diagnostic-noma esiphathwa kabi, singaba nemiphumela eminingi, kuhlanganise:

• Ukuzala okungaphelele
• Yehlulekile ukunakekelwa kokwelashwa (njengokufaka umanyolo we-vitro)
• Ingozi eyengeziwe yokukhulelwa kwesisu ekuqaleni
• Ingozi eyengeziwe ye-preeclampsia kanye ne-prematurity
• Ingozi eyengeziwe yokubeletha
• Ingozi eyengeziwe yokucindezeleka kokuhamba ngemva kokubeletha
• Ingozi eyengeziwe yokuncelisa ibele

Isiqalo esihle sokuqala sihlola imihlahlandlela esemthethweni yokuphatha isifo segciwane ngesikhathi nangemva kokukhulelwa .

Indlela Yokubhekana Ngokuphumelelayo Nodokotela

Okumangalisa ukuthi enye yezinselelo ekuxilongweni kwakho kwe-thyroid, ukwelashwa, kanye nokuphumula kwezimpawu empeleni kungaba ngabahlinzeki bakho bezempilo. Udokotela ofanele angenza wonke umehluko. Ukuze kube njalo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungakhetha kanjani ngokucophelela uhlobo olufanele lodokotela ekunakekeleni kwakho kwegciwane futhi ufunde ukuxhumana nabo ngokuphumelelayo

Omunye umbuzo ongase uzibuze ukuthi ngabe udinga yini i-endocrinologist noma cha . Impendulo ixhomeke esimweni sakho kanye nemigomo yakho. Uma udinga i-endocrinologist, uzofuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola i-endocrinologist ngesipiliyoni nesipiliyoni esifanele. Futhi, ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi udokotela wakho unikeza ukunakekelwa okungcono kunayo yonke isimo sakho se-thyroid.

Ukuphila Nezifo Ze-Thyroid

Ukuba nolwazi, ukunika amandla, nokusebenza nabasebenzi abafanele kubalulekile ekukhuliseni nesifo segciwane. Ngezinye imibono ezisebenzayo, bheka:

• 10 Izindlela Zokuba Isiguli Esigulisayo Sesiko
• Amathiphu angu-14 wokuphila kahle ngezifo ze-Thyroid

Ukudla, Ukulahlekelwa Isisindo, nokuxhumeka kobuciko

Enye yezindlela abanye abantu abathola ukuthi banenkinga ye -roid yisisindo esisheshayo sokuthola isisindo noma ukungakwazi ukulahlekelwa isisindo . Ukuze uthole iziguli futhi uthole iziguli ze-thyroid, enye yezinselelo ezivame kakhulu kunzima ukulahlekelwa isisindo noma ukuzuza isisindo, naphezu kokudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca.

Isixhumanisi phakathi komsebenzi we -roid nesimetabolism kucacile. Noma kunjalo, imithi ejwayelekile isalokhu ihlukumeza ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-hypothyroidism nesisindo somzimba, ubunzima abantu abane-hypothyroidism banciphisa umzimba , futhi umthelela wokuthi izinkinga ze-thyroid zithinteka emzimbeni, ukugaya, ushukela wegazi, kanye nesimiso sempilo esifanele.

Iziguli eziningi zegciwane ezinezinkinga zisisindo zithola ukusiza ukuqonda izici ezithinta ukulahleka kwesisindo nge-hypothyroidism . Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindima ze- T3 ephindaphindiwe kanye ne-leptin , ama-hormone amabili ayisihluthulelo asithinta ikhono lesiguli se -roid ukuze ulahlekelwe isisindo.

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi, hlola:

• Yini Engcono Kokudla Kwe-Thyroid?
• Izindlela ezingu-30 zokwenza isidlo sakho sisebenze
• Ukudla kwe-Thyroid kanye neSikhungo Sokwaziswa Ukulahlekelwa Isisindo

Izwi elivela

Noma kunini lapho uthola ukuthi unenkinga yezempilo engapheli, ingadideka futhi ivalo. Ithuba lakho elihle empumelelweni yezempilo lihilela ukuthi uhileleke futhi ube ngumgqugquzeli wokunakekelwa kwe-thyroid. Futhi esinye sezici eziyinhloko zokuba nesiguli segciwane eliphumelelayo uhlala unolwazi. Lokhu kusho ukufunda, ukulandela ucwaningo lwamuva, nokuxhuma nabanye abangabelana ngezeluleko zabo eziphumelelayo.

Funda okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ulawula ukucindezeleka, isibonelo, kungasiza eceleni kwelashwa yakho yezokwelapha. Futhi noma ngabe uzizwa sengathi ulwela impi ekhuphuka phezulu nodokotela, ukwelashwa, nezimpawu ezikhubaza, ungayeki ! Izigidi zabantu ziphila kahle nezimo ze-thyroid futhi nawe ungaba yinye yalezi zindaba zokuphumelela.

_Imithombo:

_{Bahn, R., Burch, H, Cooper, D, et al. "Hyperthyroidism nezinye izimbangela ze Thyrotoxicosis: Iziqondiso Zokuphatha ze-American Thyroid Association ne-American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists." I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 17 No. 3 Meyi / Juni 2011.}

_{Braverman, L, Cooper D. Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid, 10th Edition. I-WLL / Wolters Kluwer; 2012.}

_{I-Garber, J, uCobin, R, Gharib, H, et. al. "Iziqondiso Zomtholampilo Zokusebenza Nge-Hypothyroidism Kubantu Abadala: I-Cosponsored yi-American Association of Endocrinologists Clinic kanye ne-American Thyroid Association." I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 18 No. 6 Novemba / Disemba 2012.}

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