Indlela i-Lupus ehlotshaniswa ngayo

Ukubona i-lupus kungaba umsebenzi onzima. Izimpawu zingalandela amaphethini amakhohlisi, kungaba mncane noma aqinile, futhi ahlangane nalawo okunye okukhathazayo kwezempilo. Ngokuhambisana nomlando wakho wezokwelapha, odokotela basebenzisa izivivinyo zezinqubo ezivamile futhi ezikhethekile, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nokuhlola izithombe ezifana ne-MRI noma i-ultrasound, ukuze zifike esiphethweni.

Lezi zingasetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula i-lupus njengokukhombisa lesi sifo.

Odokotela futhi babheka izimpawu ezingaphezu kwesisodwa sezinhlelo zomzimba wakho, njengezinso nesikhumba, njengoba i-lupus isifo sesistimu. Ngeshwa, abanye abantu bangase bahlupheke izinyanga noma iminyaka ngaphambi kokuthola ukuxilongwa.

Kunezici eziningana ezingenza kube nzima ukuxilongwa kwe-lupus. Omkhulu phakathi kwabo ukuthi i-lupus ayiyona isifo esisodwa kodwa i-subtypes ehlukene, ngayinye enezimbangela nezici zayo siqu. Izinselele eziningi ababhekene nazo ababhekene nazo zibandakanya:

• Ayikho inqubo evunyelwe kabanzi (imithetho) yokuxilongwa
• I-Lupus yisimo sokubuyiselwa kabusha , okusho ukuthi izimpawu zingafika futhi zihambe. Kuze kube yilapho iphethini ibonakala, lesi sifo singavamile ukungaqondakali.
• Akukho ukuhlola okulodwa kwegazi okungasetshenziselwa ukuthi kutholakale.
• I-Lupus isimo se-"snowflake", okusho ukuthi ngisho noma abantu ababili bane-subtype efanayo, izimpawu zabo zingahluka ngokuphelele.

• I-Lupus yisimo esingavamile futhi, ngenxa yalokho, odokotela bokunakekelwa okuyinhloko ngokuvamile banganakwa noma bangaphuthelwa izimpawu.

Ama-Labs nezivivinyo

Lezi ezinye zezivivinyo zokuxilongwa, eziningi zokuhlola ukuhlola, ukuthi abasebenzisa usizo lwezempilo basebenzisane nezinye izivivinyo ukuze basize ukuqoqa ndawonye iphazili.

Qedela i-Blood Count (CBC)

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwegazi okuphelele (CBC) kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, futhi kungasiza ukukhomba izifo ezihlukahlukene. Udokotela wakho cishe uzoqala ngalolu vavanyo.

Ngencazelo yalo elula, i-CBC isetshenziselwa ukukala inani elibomvu nelomhlophe wegazi, inani eliphelele le-hemoglobin egazini, i-hematocrit (inani legazi elenziwe ngamaseli abomvu obomvu), futhi lisho ivolumu yomsindo (ubukhulu begazi elibomvu amaseli). I-CBC ingakwazi futhi ukubala izinhlobo ezengeziwe zamaseli egazi njenge-neutrophils, ama-eosinophil, ama-basophil, ama-lymphocytes, ama-monocytes namaplatelets.

I-CBC inezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlolwa kwegazi futhi isetshenziswa njengethuluzi elibukwayo lokuhlola. Ukuhlolwa okwenza i-CBC kuhlanganisa:

• Ukubala kwegazi elimhlophe (i-WBC): Amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe asiza umzimba wakho ekulwa nezifo futhi angabonisa ukuthi une-infection. Lokhu kuhlolwa kulinganisa inani lamaseli amhlophe egazini lakho. Amanqamuzana amhlophe wegazi amaningi kakhulu noma ambalwa kakhulu angaba inkomba yokugula.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe: Lokhu kubalwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe.
• Ukubala kwesibalo segazi elibomvu (RBC) : Lokhu kulinganisa inani lamaseli abomvu ekhona. Amangqamuzana egazi abomvu aqukethe i-hemoglobin futhi isebenza njengabathwali be-oxygen. Njengamaseli egazi amhlophe, kokubili ukwanda nokuncipha kwenombolo kungabalulekile.

• Ububanzi besabelomali bokusabalalisa: Lokhu kuthatha ukuhlukahluka ngobukhulu bamaseli obomvu obomvu.
• I-Hemoglobin: I- Hemoglobin iyinaphrotheni emangqamuzana egazi abomvu aphethe umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kuqhathanisa ukuthi ingakanani yale phrotheni ethwala oksijini egazini.
• Okusho i-hemoglobin ye-corpuscular : Lokhu kulandisa ukuthi i-hemoglobin engakanani iseli elibomvu legazi.
• Ukujula kwe-hemoglobin corpuscular: Lokhu kulinganisa izinga lokuhlushwa kwe-hemoglobin ngaphakathi kweseli elibomvu legazi.
• I-Hematocrit: Lokhu kulinganisa ukuthi yingakanani inani legazi elenziwe ngamaseli abomvu abomvu (ngokuphambene ne-plasma, ingxenye yegazi egazini).
• Isibalo se-Platelet: Leli inani lamaplatelet egazini. Ama-Platelets awuhlobo lwegazi elithintela ukuphuma kwegazi ngokwenza ama-clots.

• Umthamo weplatelet ophakathi: Lokhu kulinganisa ubungakanani bamaplatelets futhi kunganika ulwazi mayelana nokukhiqizwa kweplatelet emnothweni wakho.

Imiphumela evela ku-CBC ingasiza ekutholeni izinkinga ezifana nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi noma ukulahleka kwegazi, ukungavamile kokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi kanye nokuphila, kanye nokutheleleka okunamandla noma okungapheli, imithonya yemvelo, nezinkinga nge-clotting igazi. Eminye imiphumela ingase ikhombise izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-anemia.

Uma udokotela wakho esolwa ukuthi une-lupus, uzogxila ekubalweni kwakho kwe-RBC ne-WBC. Izibalo eziphansi ze-RBC zivame ukubonakala ngezifo ezizimele njenge-lupus. Kodwa-ke, ukubalwa okuphansi kwe-RBC kungabonisa nokulahleka kwegazi, ukuhluleka komnyosa we-bone, isifo sezinso, i-hemolysis (ukubhujiswa kwe-RBC), i-leukemia, ukungondleki, nokuningi. Ukubalwa kwe-WBC ephansi kungabhekisela ku-lupus kanye nokuhluleka komnyoba we-bone kanye nesifo sesibindi nesifo se-spleen.

Uma i-CBC yakho ibuya nezinombolo eziphezulu ze-RBC noma i-hematocrit ephakeme, ingabonisa ezinye izinkinga ezibandakanya izifo zamaphaphu, i-blood cancers, ukuphela kwamanzi, isifo sezinso, isifo senhliziyo esiswini, nezinye izinkinga zenhliziyo. Ama-WBC aphezulu, okuthiwa i-leukocytosis, angabonisa isifo esithathelwanayo, isifo sokuvuvukala, i-leukemia, ukucindezeleka, nokuningi.

Ngenkathi lolu lwazi lungakusiza ukucacisa umsebenzi wakho webhulethi, njalo ukhulume nodokotela wakho uma uthola imiphumela engavamile yokuhlolwa kwegazi. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuyingxenye eyodwa yokwenza ukuxilongwa kwe-lupus.

Isilinganiso se-Erythrocyte Sedimentation

Uhlolo lwe-erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) luhlolo lwegazi olulinganisa ukuvuvukala emzimbeni wakho futhi lisetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izimo ezihambisana nokuvuvukala okunamandla nokuhlala njalo, kufaka phakathi i-lupus. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izivivinyo, njengoba ukuhlolwa ngokwayo kungabonakali. Ngamanye amazwi, lingabona ukunyuka kokuvuvukala, kodwa akusho ukuthi ukuvuvukala kukuphi noma kubhekisela kwisifo esithile. Ezinye izimo zingathinta imiphumela yesivivinyo kanye. Uhlolo lunye oluvame ukuqhutshwa izikhathi eziningana esikhathini esithile ukukala izinguquko ekuvuvukala.

Izinguquko ku-ESR ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zingasiza ukuqondisa ochwepheshe bezezempilo ngokubhekisisa. I-ESR ephakanyisiwe iyenzeka ngokuvuvukala, kodwa futhi ne-anemia, ukutheleleka, ukukhulelwa, nokuguga. I-ESR ephezulu kakhulu inesizathu esibonakalayo, njengokunyuka okuphawulekayo kwe-globulins okungaba ngenxa yokutheleleka okukhulu. I-ESR ekhulayo ingasho ukwanda kokuvuvukala noma impendulo embi kokwelapha. I-ESR eyancipha ingasho impendulo enhle, yize ukhumbule ukuthi i-ESR ephansi ingabonisa izifo ezifana ne- polycythemia , i-leukocytosis eyedlulele, namaphrotheni okungavamile.

Ukuzihlola

Lokhu kuhlolwa kokuhlola kusetshenziselwa ukuthola izinto noma izinto eziphathekayo emcimbini ehambisana nezifo ezibangelwa ukuxilongwa kwe-metabolic and kidney. Kuyinto yokuhlola njalo, futhi odokotela bayisebenzisa ukuze bathole ukungabonakali okuvame ukuvela ngaphambi kokuba iziguli zisole inkinga. Kulabo abanezimo ezibucayi noma ezingapheliyo, ukuguqulwa kwama-urinal njalo kungasiza ekuqapheleni umsebenzi wegciwane, isimo, nokuphendula kokwelashwa. Inombolo ephakeme yamangqamuzana egazi obomvu noma izinga eliphakeme leprotheyini emcinini wakho lingabonisa ukuthi i-lupus ithinte izinso zakho.

Izinga lokugcwalisa

Uhlelo lokuxhaswa yigama leqembu lamaprotheni wegazi elisiza ukulwa nokutheleleka. Gcwalisa amazinga, njengoba igama lisho, fanisa inani kanye / noma umsebenzi walezo amaprotheni. Ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwamasosha omzimba, amaprotheni nawo ayingxenye ekuthuthukiseni ukuvuvukala. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-lupus, ugcwalisa amaprotheni asetshenziswe (asetshenzisiwe phezulu) ngokuphendula okuzenzakalelayo. Ukunciphisa ukuqinisa amazinga kungabhekisela ku-lupus nephritis, lupus nephritis , ukuvuvukala kwezinso. Ukwenziwa komthetho ukugcwalisa amazinga kungabonisa impendulo enhle yokwelapha.

I-Antinuclear Antibody Test (ANA)

Isivivinyo se- antinuclear anti-antibody (ANA) sisetshenziselwa ukuthola ama-autoantibodies esabela ngokumelene nezingxenye ze-nucleus yamaseli omzimba. Okwamanje kungenye yezivivinyo ezibucayi kakhulu zokuhlola ukutholakala kwe-lupus (SLE). Kungenxa yokuthi amaphesenti angu-97 noma ngaphezulu kwabantu abane-lupus (SLE) banomphumela wokuhlola we-ANA omuhle. Umphumela wokuhlola we-ANA omubi kusho ukuthi i-lupus (SLE) ayinakwenzeka.

Ngenkathi abantu abaningi abanesifo se-lupus behlelwe yi-ANA, izimo zezokwelapha ezifana nezifo nezinye izifo ezizimele zinganikeza imiphumela emihle. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, udokotela wakho angalawula ezinye izivivinyo zegazi ukuze ahlolisise kahle i-lupus.

I- antinuclear antibody (ANA) yokulinganisa akukali nje kuphela ukulinganisa i-titer (ukuhlushwa) kwe-auto-antibodies kodwa futhi nephethini ababopha kuwo amangqamuzana omuntu. Amanani athile we-titer namaphethini aphakamisa kakhulu i-lupus, kanti ezinye zingaphansi kwalokho.

Njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, ukuhlola oku-ANA okuhle kungabonisa esinye sezifo eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-lupus eyenziwe ngamadakamizwa. Ezinye zalezi zifo zihlanganisa:

• Ezinye izifo zesishukela, ezifana nesifo se- scleroderma nesifo samathambo
• Ukusabela kwemithi ethile
• Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, njenge- mononucleosis ezithathelwanayo
• Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezingapheli, njenge- hepatitis kanye ne- malaria
• Ezinye izifo ezizimele, kuhlanganise ne- thyroiditis ne- multiple sclerosis

Ngokubanzi, ukuhlolwa kwe-ANA kufanele kusetshenziswe uma udokotela wakho esolwa nge-lupus. Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingalungile, i-lupus ayinakwenzeka. Uma umphumela wokuhlola ulungile, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka ukusekela ukuxilongwa.

Izivivinyo ezengeziwe ze-Antibody

Ukuhlolwa okungeziwe kwe-antibody kungase kusetshenziselwe ukusekela ukuxilongwa kwe-lupus.

Ukuvivinya komuntu ngamunye kuhlola ukutholakala kwama-antibodies:

• I-DNA ene-double-stranded , uhlobo lwe-antibody olutholakala kumaphesenti angu-70 ezinkinga ze-lupus; ukusikisela okukhulu kwe-SLE
• Anti-Smith antibodies , etholakala ngamaphesenti angu-30 abantu abane-SLE; ukusikisela okukhulu kwe-SLE
• Anti-phospholipids antibodies , etholakala ngamaphesenti angama-30 ezinkinga ze-lupus futhi futhi zikhona ngesifo samagciwane (echaza ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi abane-lupus benemiphumela ye-syphilis yamanga)
• Anti-Ro / SS-A kanye nama-anti-La / SS-B , atholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo ezizimele, kuhlanganise nesifo se-SLE ne-Sjogren
• Ama-anti-histone antibodies, abonakala ku-SLE kanye nezinhlobo ze-lupus ezenzelwe izidakamizwa
• Ama-Antibodies anti-ribonucleic, aboniswe ezigulini ezine-SLE nezimo ezizenzakalelayo ezihlobene nezimo

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ANA enhle futhi noma i-DNA ephikisana ne-Double-stranded noma anti-Smith ibhekwa njengokusikisela kakhulu kwe-SLE. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abantu ekutholwe ukuthi bane-SLE banezi-autoantibodies.

I-Tissue Biopsy

Kwezinye izimo, udokotela wakho angase afune ukwenza i-biopsy yamathambo kwanoma yiziphi izitho ezibonakala zihileleke ezimpawu zakho. Ngokuvamile isikhumba sakho noma izinso kodwa kungaba esinye isitho. Lezi zicubu zingase zihlolwe ukuze zibone inani lokuvuvukala kukhona nokuthi umonakalo wakho ugcine umonakalo kangakanani. Ezinye izivivinyo zingabonisa ukuthi unama-antibodies okuzenzakalelayo nokuthi ngabe ahlobene ne-lupus noma enye into.

Ukucabanga

Udokotela wakho angase futhi afune ukwenza ezinye izivivinyo ze-imaging, ikakhulukazi uma unezimpawu ezibonisa inhliziyo yakho, ubuchopho, noma amaphaphu angathinteka noma uma unemiiphumela engavamile yebhu.

X-ray

Ungase ube ne-x-ray yesifuba sakho ukuze ubheke izimpawu ukuthi inhliziyo yakho ikhulisiwe noma ukuthi amaphaphu akho avuliwe futhi / noma abe nomthombo kuwo.

I-Echocardiogram

I-echocardiogram ingabonisa izinkinga ngama-valve akho kanye / noma inhliziyo yakho. Isebenzisa amagagasi omsindo ukudala izithombe zenhliziyo yakho ngenkathi ibetha.

I-Computed Tomography (CT) Iskena

Lokhu kuhlolwa kungasetshenziswa uma unesisu esiswini ukuze uhlole izinkinga ezifana ne-pancreatitis noma isifo se-lung.

Ukufaniswa kwe-Magnetic Resonance (MRI)

Uma unempawu ezifana nezinkinga zememori noma izinkinga ngakolunye uhlangothi lomzimba wakho, udokotela wakho angenza i-MRI ukuhlola ubuchopho bakho.

I-Ultrasound

Udokotela wakho angase afune ukwenza i-ultrasound yamalungu akho uma unezinhlungu eziningi. Uma unezimpawu ezihlobene nezinso zakho, ungase ube ne-ultrasound yendawo yakho yesisu ukuze uhlole ukukhuliswa kwezinso nokuvinjelwa.

Ukuhlonza okuhlukile

I-Lupus yisifo esibucayi kakhulu sokuthola ukuthi izifo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola ingabonisa ezinye izifo eziningi ezingenzeka. Kunezifo eziningi kakhulu ezinezimpawu ezithintekayo nge-lupus kunokuba zingabhaliswa lapha, kodwa ezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• I-rheumatoid arthritis (RA): I- Lupus arthritis ne-RA banezimpawu eziningi ezivamile , kepha isifo esihlangene ku-RA sivame kakhulu. Futhi, ukuba khona kwe-antibody okubizwa ngokuthi i-peptide e-anti-cyclic citrullinated kutholakala kubantu abane-RA kepha hhayi SLE.
• I-Systemic Sclerosis (SSc): Izimpawu ezifanayo phakathi kwe-SSc ne-lupus ziyi-reflux nesifo sikaRaynaud (lapho iminwe yakho ibheka okwesibhakabhaka noma emhlophe ngokubandayo). Omunye umehluko phakathi kwe-SSc ne-lupus yi-DNA anti-double-stranded (DsDNA) kanye nama-anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies, axhumene ne-lupus, ngokuvamile akwenzeki ku-SSc. Omunye umehluko wukuthi abantu abane-SSc bavame ukuba nama-antibodies ku-antigen okuthiwa i-Scl-70 (i-topoisomerase I) noma i-antibodies kuya kuma-protheine we-centromere.
• I-Sjögren's syndrome: Izitho ezifanayo ezingase zihileleke nge-lupus, njengezikhumba, inhliziyo, amaphaphu, nezinso, zingabonakala naseSjogren's syndrome . Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izimpawu ezivame ukwedlula omunye noma omunye, futhi abantu abanesifo se-Sjogren bavame ukuba nama-antibodies ku-Ro naseLa latigenti.
• I-Vasculitis: Izimpawu ezabelwana ngazo zombili i-lupus ne-vasculitis zihlanganisa izilonda zesikhumba, izinkinga zezinso, nokuvuvukala kwemithambo yegazi. Omunye umehluko wokuhlonza phakathi kwe-vasculitis ne-lupus ukuthi abantu abane-vasculitis bavame ukuba yi-ANA-negative; futhi kaningi babe nama-antibodies kuma-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (i-ANCA).
• I-Behçet's syndrome: Izimpawu ezidlulayo zifaka izilonda zomlomo, i-arthritis, isifo somzimba sokuvuvukala, isifo senhliziyo, nesifo sobuchopho. Abantu abane-syndrome kaBehçet bavame ukuba yindoda ne-ANA-negative, kuyilapho okuphambene kuyiqiniso kulabo abane-lupus.
• I-Dermatomyositis (DM) ne-polymyositis (PM): Nakuba cishe bonke abantu abane-lupus banesifo esihle se-ANA, kuphela abantu abangamaphesenti angama-30 abantu abane- DM no- PM okwenzayo. Izimpawu eziningi zomzimba zihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abane-DM kanye ne-PM abanalo izilonda zomlomo, ukuvuvukala kwezinso, isifo samathambo, kanye nokungajwayelekile kwegazi abantu abane-lupus.
• Isifo sika-Adult Still (ASD): I- Lupus ne-ASD bangase babelane ngezinye izimpawu ezifanayo, ezifana ne-fever, i-lymph nodes, i-arthritis, ne-fever. Kodwa-ke, abantu abane-ASD bavame ukuba nokuhlolwa okungalungile kwe-ANA kanye nokubalwa kwamangqamuzana egazi elimhlophe, kuyilapho labo abane-lupus benesimo esihle se-ANA nokubalwa kwesibalo segazi eliphansi.
• Isifo sikaKikuchi: Lesi sifo sivame ukungena ekukhutheni sisodwa ezinyangeni ezine bese kuthiwa sine-lymph node biopsy. Ezinye zezimpawu ezifana ne-lupus zihlanganisa i-lymph nodes evuvukale, ubuhlungu besisu, ubuhlungu obuhlangene, umkhuhlane, futhi, kaningi, iphleen ekhulisiwe nesibindi.
• Ukugula kwe-Serum: Izimpawu zokuqhekeka phakathi kokugula kwe-serum, ukusabela okweqile kumuthi wokujova, futhi i-lupus ingafaka i-lymph nodes evuvukile, izilonda zesikhumba, umkhuhlane, kanye nobuhlungu obuhlangene. Kodwa-ke, abantu abanesifo se-serum bavame ukuba yi-ANA-negative futhi izimpawu zabo ziyahamba uma beyeke ukuphendula okwemvelo, ngokuvamile ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kuya kwezingu-10.
• I-Fibromyalgia: Lokhu kungase kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ngoba abantu abaningi abane-lupus nabo bane fibromyalgia , izimpawu zazo zihlanganisa ukukhathala nokuzwa okuhlangene nobunzima. Noma kunjalo, i-photosensitivity, i-arthritis, nokubandakanyeka komzimba okungenzeka nge-lupus akutholakali ku-fibromyalgia.
• Izifo: Abantu abanezimpawu ezifanayo zihlanganisa i-Epstein-Barr, i-HIV, i- hepatitis B , i- hepatitis C , i- cytomegalovirus , i- salmonella , nesifo sofuba . I-Epstein-Barr ingase ibe nzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ne-lupus ngoba ibuye iphumelele ekuhlolweni kwe-ANA. Yilapho ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwe-auto-antibody kungasiza.

Odokotela banemiphumela yokuhlolwa yokuhumusha, bese bebambisana nezibonakaliso zakho kanye neminye imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Kunzima lapho iziguli zibonisa izimpawu ezingacacile kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola, kepha odokotela abanekhono bangazicabangela zonke lezi zingxenye zobufakazi futhi ekugcineni banqume ukuthi unayo i-lupus noma enye into ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungathatha isikhathi kanye nesilingo nesiphambeko.

Imfuneko Yokuthola

Ngeshwa, azikho izindlela zokuxilongwa kabanzi zeSLE. Nokho, odokotela abaningi basebenzisa i-American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 11 ejwayelekile. Lezi zindlela zenzelwe ukukhomba izihloko zocwaningo lwezocwaningo, ngakho zinezinkinga kakhulu. Uma okwamanje unayo emine noma ngaphezulu yalezi zindlela noma uma uke waba nazo esikhathini esidlule, amathuba aphezulu kakhulu ukuthi u-SLE. Noma kunjalo, ukuba ngaphansi kuka-4 akukhipha i-SLE. Futhi, ukuhlolwa okungeziwe kungadingeka ukwazisa ukuxilongwa okusemthethweni. Lezi zindlela zihlanganisa:

1. Ukushaywa kwe-Malar: Uke waqhuma noma uphahla phezu kwekhaleni lakho namathunga, okuthiwa i-butterfly rash.
2. I-photosensitivity : Noma ngabe uthola ukushona kusuka elangeni noma ukukhanya kwe-UV, noma kudala ukuthi usubi kakhulu.
3. Ukuqhaqhazeka kwe-Discoid: Uke waba nokuhlaselwa okuphazamisayo futhi wakhuphula futhi kungabangela izilonda ze-scaly ezishaya.
4. Izilonda zomsindo: Uke waba nezilonda emlonyeni wakho ngokuvamile ezingenabuhlungu.
5. I-arthritis: Uke waba nobuhlungu nokuvuvukala kwamalungu akho amabili noma ngaphezulu angabhubhisi amathambo azungezile.
6. I-Serositis: Ubuhlungu besifuba bubi nakakhulu uma uthatha umoya ojulile futhi kubangelwa ukuvuvukala kokungena emaphaphini akho noma emgqeni oseduze nenhliziyo yakho.
7. Ukukhubazeka kwezinso: Uke waba namaprotheni aqhubekayo noma amaselula (amabhungane amangqamuzana okufanele adlule kuwo) kumchamo wakho.
8. Isifo sezinzwa: Uhlangabezane ne-psychosis noma ukuhlukunyezwa.
9. I-Blood disorder: Utholwe ukuthi une-anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, noma i-lymphopenia.
10. Isifo se-Immunologic: Une-anti-double-stranded-DNA, anti-Smith, noma ama-antibospholipid antibodies amahle.
11. I-ANA engavamile: Ukuhlolwa kwakho kwe-antitinuclear anti-antibody (ANA) kwakungavamile.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi akubona bonke abantu abatholwa ukuthi bane-lupus abahlangabezana nalezi zinqubo ezine noma ngaphezulu. Abanye bahlangana ababili noma abathathu kuphela kodwa banezinye izici ezihlobene ne-lupus. Lokhu kuyisinye isikhumbuzo sokuthi lesi sifo sinzima kangakanani kungaba nezibonakaliso eziningi ezahlukene ezingabonisa ngokuhlukile kumuntu ngamunye.

> Imithombo:

> Lam NC, Ghetu MV, Bieniek ML. I-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Indlela Yokunakekela Okuyisisekelo Yokuthola Ukuxilongwa Nokuphathwa. I-American Family Physician. 2016; 94 (4): 284-94.

> Lupus Foundation of America. Izivivinyo zeLeb ze-Lupus. Kubuyekezwe ngo-Julayi 8, 2013.

> Lupus Foundation of America. Lokho Odokotela Abafuna Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthola Ukuxilongwa. Kubuyekezwe i-Julayi 25, 2013.

> Abasebenzi beMayo Clinic. Lupus. I-Mayo Clinic. Kubuyekezwe u-Okthoba 25, 2017.

> Wallace DJ. Ukuxilongwa nokuxilongwa okuhlukile kwe-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus kubantu abadala. Kusesikhathini. Kubuyekezwe ngo-September 20, 2017.